Kodi Kukhalitsa Kwa mphete Zazitsulo Zazikulu Zosapanga dzimbiri ndi Chiyani?

Mphete zazikulu zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimadziwika chifukwa cha kulimba kwake mwapadera, chifukwa cha mawonekedwe ake apadera komanso kapangidwe kake. Mphetezi makamaka zimakhala ndi zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe makamaka zimaphatikizapo chitsulo, chromium, ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya faifi tambala, molybdenum, ndi zinthu zina. Kukhalapo kwa chromium ndikofunikira, kumapanga wosanjikiza wopyapyala, wosawoneka wa chromium oxide pamwamba pomwe wakumana ndi okosijeni. Chosanjikiza ichi chimagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga choteteza, choteteza kuti chisawonongeke komanso chimapangitsa kuti chikhale cholimba kwa nthawi yayitali. Kuphatikiza apo, nickel imapangitsa kuti zidazo zikhale zolimba komanso kukana kutentha kwambiri, kupanga mphete zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimayenera kukhala ndi malo ovuta.

Kupitilira pakupanga kwawo kwamankhwala, kukhazikika kwa mphete zazikulu zosapanga dzimbiri kumathandizira kwambiri kulimba kwawo. Mphetezi nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zopangira kapena zoponyera bwino, kuonetsetsa kuti zimakhala zowundana komanso zofananira zomwe zili ndi zolakwika zochepa mkati. Kufanana kumeneku kumawonjezera mphamvu zonyamula katundu ndikuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kusweka kwa nkhawa. Magiredi ena, monga 304 ndi 316 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, amakondedwa kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe ali nazo, zomwe zimapereka mphamvu zolimba komanso kukana kuvala ndi kusinthika.

Njira Zopangira Zopangira Ndi Mphamvu Zake pa Mphamvu

Kukhalitsa kwa mphete zazikulu zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri sikumangotsimikiziridwa ndi kapangidwe kake komanso kulondola kwa njira zopangira. Mphetezi nthawi zambiri zimapangidwa popanga, kupanga, kapena kupanga makina, zomwe zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakukulitsa kukhulupirika ndi mphamvu zawo. Kupanga kumaphatikizapo kupanikizika kwakukulu ndi kutentha kuti ziyeretsenso kapangidwe kambewu, kukonzanso makina ndi kupangitsa mphete kukhala ndi mphamvu zapamwamba, kukana kukhudzidwa, ndi kuchepetsa kufooka kwa kutopa. Mphete zoponya, zopangidwa ndi kutsanulira zitsulo zosungunuka mu nkhungu, zimasunga mawonekedwe owundana, ofananirako okhala ndi zofooka zochepa zamkati kapena zofooka, kuwonetsetsa kuti magwiridwe antchito odalirika. Machining, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zapamwamba kwambiri, amadula ndi mawonekedwe a zitsulo zolimba zosapanga dzimbiri kuti zikhale zomveka bwino, kupereka kulekerera kolimba ndi malo osalala omwe amathandiza kuti azigwira ntchito nthawi yayitali.

Kuphatikiza apo, njira zochizira kutentha monga kuzimitsa ndi kuzimitsa kumapangitsanso zinthuzo posintha mawonekedwe ake. Annealing imafewetsa chitsulo, kukonza ductility ndikuchepetsa kupsinjika kwamkati, pomwe kuzimitsa kumazizira mwachangu zinthuzo kuti ziwonjezere kuuma komanso kulimba kwamphamvu. Pamodzi, njira zopangira izi zimatsimikizira kuti mphete zazikulu zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhalabe zolimba pansi pamikhalidwe yovuta kwambiri, kaya m'mafakitale olemera kapena malo am'madzi.

Kukaniza Kukaniza Kwa mphete Zazitali Zazikulu Zosapanga dzimbiri

Ubwino umodzi wofunikira wa mphete zazikulu zosapanga dzimbiri ndi kukana kwawo kwa dzimbiri, kuzipangitsa kukhala zabwino kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo ovuta. Chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimalepheretsa kukana uku ndizomwe zili mu chromium muzitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, zomwe zimalumikizana ndi okosijeni ndikupanga wosanjikiza wocheperako wa chromium oxide pamtunda. Chosanjikiza ichi chimagwira ntchito ngati chotchinga, kulepheretsa kuwonjezereka kwa okosijeni ndikuteteza chitsulo chapansi pa dzimbiri ndi kuwonongeka. Mosiyana ndi zitsulo za carbon, zomwe zimakhala ndi dzimbiri pamene zimakhudzidwa ndi chinyezi kapena zikhalidwe za acidic, ndi aluminiyumu, zomwe zimasowa mphamvu ndi mphamvu zolemetsa zolemetsa zolemetsa, mphete zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimasunga umphumphu wawo ngakhale m'madera ovuta monga ntchito zam'madzi kapena zomera zopangira mankhwala.

Magiredi ena, monga 316 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, ali ndi molybdenum, yomwe imathandizira kukana dzimbiri chifukwa cha chloride, kuwapangitsa kukhala ogwira mtima kwambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Chitetezo chachilengedwechi ku dzimbiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala chimatsimikizira kuti mphete zazikulu zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhalabe zodalirika komanso zokhalitsa.

Mphamvu zamakina ndi Mphamvu Zonyamula Katundu

Mphete zazikulu zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimapangidwira kuti zipirire kupsinjika kwamakina, kuzipangitsa kukhala zofunikira pakugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zimafuna kulimba kwamphamvu, kulimba, komanso kukana mapindikidwe. Kutengera kalasi yeniyeni ndi njira zopangira, mphete zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimatha kuwonetsa mphamvu zolimba kuyambira 500 mpaka 1,000 MPa, kuwonetsetsa kudalirika kwawo pamachitidwe ofunikira ndi makina. Mphamvu zokolola zambiri zimalola mphetezi kukhalabe ndi mawonekedwe pansi pa katundu wofunika kwambiri, kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kulephera mu ntchito zovuta monga makina olemera, milatho yoyimitsidwa, ndi zipangizo zonyamulira mafakitale.

Kulimba, chinthu china chofunikira kwambiri pamakina, chimatsimikizira kuti mphetezi zimatha kupirira kuvala, kuyabwa, ndi kukhudzidwa popanda kuwonongeka. Kuphatikizika kwa chromium, faifi tambala, ndi zinthu zina zophatikizika kumawonjezera kuuma kwa zinthuzo, kulola kuti zisungidwe zolimba ngakhale pakupsinjika mobwerezabwereza. Kuphatikiza apo, kuthekera kolimbana ndi kutopa kumatsimikizira kulimba kwa nthawi yayitali pamapulogalamu okhudzana ndi katundu wosunthika, monga zida zozungulira kapena zolumikizira zonyamula katundu. Kukhazikika kwamphamvu ndi kulimba mtima koperekedwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kumapangitsa kukhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'malo omwe kukhulupirika ndi moyo wautali ndizofunikira kwambiri.

Zotsatira za Zinthu Zachilengedwe pa Kukhalitsa

Kukhazikika kwa mphete zazikulu zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi momwe chilengedwe chimakhalira, makamaka kutentha kwambiri, kukhudzana ndi mankhwala owopsa, komanso kupsinjika kwamakina monga kugwedezeka ndi kutopa. Kutentha kwambiri kungakhudze zipangizo zamakina katundu; magiredi ena amatha kuwonetsa mphamvu zocheperako komanso kuwonjezereka kwa chiwopsezo pakutentha kwambiri. Komabe, ma alloys apamwamba kwambiri ngati 310 kapena 321 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri amasunga umphumphu pakutentha kwambiri. Kumbali ina, kutentha kotsika kwambiri kumatha kukulitsa kulimba kwa zida, ndikupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito cryogenic. Komabe, kuwonetsa kwanthawi yayitali panjinga yotentha kumatha kuyambitsa kupsinjika ndipo kungayambitse ma microcracks pakapita nthawi.

Kukhudzana ndi mankhwala kumathandizanso kwambiri pozindikira kuti moyo utali bwanji. Ngakhale zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za chromium oxide wosanjikiza zimalimbana ndi dzimbiri, zinthu zankhanza monga ma acid okhazikika kapena ma chlorine opangidwa ndi chlorine amatha kusokoneza chitetezo ichi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zibowo ziwonongeke kapena kuzimbirira. M'malo osinthasintha, kugwedezeka kosalekeza ndi kukweza kwa cyclic kumatha kufulumizitsa kutopa, makamaka ngati mphetezo zimakhudzidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa makina. Kusankha zinthu moyenera, zokutira zodzitchinjiriza, ndikuwunika pafupipafupi ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse zovuta zachilengedwezi ndikuwonetsetsa kudalirika kwanthawi yayitali pamapulogalamu omwe akufuna.

Kusamalira ndi Kusamalira Moyo Wautali

Kusamalira bwino ndi chisamaliro ndikofunikira kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika kwa nthawi yayitali kwa mphete zazikulu zosapanga dzimbiri. Ngakhale kuti zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhala zolimba, kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndi kuyang'anitsitsa kungalepheretse kudzikundikira kwa zonyansa zomwe zingasokoneze chitetezo chake cha oxide. M'mafakitale kapena m'madzi, kukhudzana ndi madzi amchere, mankhwala, kapena tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri timene timayambitsa dzimbiri. Kuyeretsa nthawi ndi nthawi ndi sopo wocheperako ndi madzi kapena zotsukira zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, ndikutsatiridwa ndi kutsuka ndi kuyanika bwino kuti zotsalira zisachuluke. Zotsukira zowawa kwambiri kapena zopangira chlorine ziyenera kupewedwa, chifukwa zimatha kuwononga wosanjikiza ndikuwonjezera kuwonongeka.

Kuyang'ana pafupipafupi kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti muwone zizindikiro za kutha, kupunduka, kapena kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba. Ming'alu, pitting, kapena kusinthika kwamtundu kumatha kuwonetsa dzimbiri koyambirira kapena kupsinjika kwamakina, zomwe zimafunikira chisamaliro chanthawi yomweyo kuti zisawonongeke. Pazogwiritsa ntchito zigawo zosuntha kapena zonyamula katundu, kuthira mafuta osakhala ndi dzimbiri kumatha kuchepetsa mikangano ndikuchepetsa kuvala. Kuwonetsetsa kuti mphetezo sizikhala ndi katundu wochuluka kuposa momwe amapangidwira kumathandiza kupewa kulephera msanga. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zokonzekerazi, ogwiritsa ntchito amatha kuwonjezera moyo wautumiki wa mphete zazikulu zosapanga dzimbiri, kuonetsetsa kuti akupitirizabe kugwira ntchito m'madera ovuta.

Ntchito Zapadziko Lonse Zamphete Zazitsulo Zazikulu Zosapanga dzimbiri

Mphete zazikulu zosapanga dzimbiri ndizofunikira kwambiri m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana, pomwe kulimba kwawo komanso kulimba kwawo kumawapangitsa kukhala oyenera kugwiritsa ntchito movutikira. Pomanga ndi zomangamanga, mphetezi zimakhala ngati zinthu zofunika kwambiri zonyamula katundu m'ma cranes, zida zokwezera, ndi milatho yoyimitsidwa, kuonetsetsa chitetezo ndi moyo wautali. Kukana kwawo ku zovuta zachilengedwe kumawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira mu uinjiniya wam'madzi kuti agwiritse ntchito popanga zombo, zida zopangira mafuta m'mphepete mwa nyanja, ndi zida zopangira pansi pamadzi, pomwe kukhudzana ndi madzi amchere ndi zovuta zapanyanja zimafunikira zida zomwe zimatha kupirira dzimbiri.

Makampani opanga zakuthambo amadaliranso kwambiri mphetezi pa zida zoikira ndege, zida za injini, ndi zomangira zamapangidwe, pomwe kulephera sikungachitike. Kuthekera kwazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kupirira kutentha kwambiri komanso kupsinjika kwamakina kumatsimikizira kudalirika kwa machitidwe a ndege, zomwe zimathandizira ku chitetezo chonse cha ndege. M'gawo lopangira mankhwala, mphete zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamapaipi, ma valve, ndi zotengera za reactor chifukwa chokana zinthu zaukali. Ngakhale m'makampani opanga zodzikongoletsera ndi mapangidwe, mphete zazikulu zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimakondedwa chifukwa cha kukongola kwawo komanso kulimba mtima, zomwe zimapereka njira yokhazikika yofananira ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali zachikhalidwe.

Zochepa ndi Zolingalira Mukamagwiritsa Ntchito mphete Zazitsulo Zazikulu Zosapanga dzimbiri

Ngakhale mphete zazikulu zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimapereka kukhazikika komanso mphamvu zapadera, pali zoletsa zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa posankha ntchito zinazake. Mphete zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimakhala zolemera kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zina zopepuka ngati titaniyamu kapena zotayira zamphamvu kwambiri, zomwe zitha kukhala zoyenera kwambiri pakugwiritsa ntchito movutikira. Kuonjezera apo, mtengo wa mphete zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ukhoza kukhala wokwera kwambiri kuposa zipangizo zina, makamaka m'mapulojekiti akuluakulu a mafakitale kumene zovuta za bajeti zingakhudze kusankha zinthu.

Kulingalira kwina kofunikira ndi kuthekera kwa kupsinjika kwa corrosion cracking (SCC) pansi pazifukwa zina. Ngakhale kuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimalimbana ndi dzimbiri, malo enieni omwe amakhala ndi ma chloride ochulukirapo kapena kutentha kwambiri angayambitse kulephera kwawoko ngati zinthuzo zili ndi nkhawa. Kusankha zinthu moyenera, monga kusankha magiredi apamwamba a molybdenum ngati 316 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, kumatha kuchepetsa ngoziyi. Kuphatikiza apo, pamapulogalamu omwe amafunikira mphamvu zamagetsi, zida zina monga mkuwa kapena aluminiyamu zitha kukhala zoyenera kwambiri.

Mtengo Wosatha wa mphete Zachitsulo Zazikulu Zosapanga dzimbiri

Mphete zazikulu zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimapereka chitsanzo cha kuphatikizika kwapadera kwamphamvu, kukana dzimbiri, komanso moyo wautali, zomwe zimawapangitsa kukhala ofunikira m'mafakitale ambiri. Mapangidwe awo, okhazikika mu chromium, faifi tambala, ndi zinthu zina zophatikizika, zimatsimikizira kusanjikiza kotetezedwa komwe kumalimbana ndi dzimbiri ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala, pomwe njira zapamwamba zopangira zimakulitsa kukhulupirika kwawo. Zida zamakina monga kulimba kwamphamvu, kuuma, ndi kukana kutopa zimalimbitsanso gawo lawo pakugwiritsa ntchito movutikira, kuyambira pamakina olemera a mafakitale kupita kuzinthu zakuthambo.

Kukhazikika kwa chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo kugwira ntchito pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu ndi kukhudzana ndi mikhalidwe yovuta, kumatsimikizira kusinthasintha kwawo mu ntchito zapanyanja, mankhwala, ndi zomangamanga. Ngakhale zili ndi zabwino zambiri, malingaliro monga kulemera, mtengo, ndi kutengeka kwa kupsinjika kwa dzimbiri ziyenera kuwunikiridwa kuti ziwongolere magwiridwe antchito awo. Kukonzekera koyenera, kuphatikizapo kuyeretsa nthawi zonse ndi kuyang'anitsitsa, kumatsimikizira kudalirika kwawo kwa nthawi yaitali, kulimbitsa mtengo wawo monga zigawo zokhazikika, zogwira ntchito kwambiri. Kaya amagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga, uinjiniya wapamadzi, kapena wokhazikika pamapangidwe, mphete zazikulu zazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri zimapereka mbiri yotsimikizika yolimba komanso magwiridwe antchito, kuwonetsetsa kukhulupirika kwadongosolo ndi magwiridwe antchito pazogwiritsa ntchito zambiri.