Kuyini Ukuqina Kwezindandatho Ezinkulu Zensimbi Engagqwali?

Amaringi amakhulu ensimbi engagqwali adume ngokuqina kwawo okuyingqayizivele, asukela ekwakhiweni kwawo okuyingqayizivele nokwakheka kwawo. Lawa masongo ngokuyinhloko ahlanganisa ingxubevange yensimbi engagqwali, ehlanganisa ikakhulukazi i-iron, i-chromium, namanani ahlukahlukene e-nickel, i-molybdenum, nezinye izakhi. Ukuba khona kwe-chromium kubalulekile, kwakha ungqimba oluncane, olungabonakali lwe-chromium oxide ngaphezulu lapho luchayeke emoyeni. Lesi singqimba esingenzi lutho sisebenza njengesivikelo esivikelayo, esivimbela ukugqwala okuqhubekayo nokuqinisekisa ukuqina kwesikhathi eside. Ukwengeza, i-nickel ithuthukisa ukuqina kwempahla kanye nokumelana namazinga okushisa aphakeme, yenza izindandatho zensimbi engagqwali zifanele izindawo ezifunwa kakhulu.

Ngaphandle kokwakheka kwawo kwamakhemikhali, ubuqotho besakhiwo sezindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali zifaka isandla kakhulu emandleni azo. Lawa malingi ngokuvamile akhiqizwa kusetshenziswa amasu okubumba okunembayo noma okuphonsa, okuqinisekisa ukuminyene, ukwakheka okufanayo okunamaphutha amancane angaphakathi. Lokhu kufana kuthuthukisa amandla okuthwala futhi kunciphisa ubungozi bokuphuka kwengcindezi. Amanye amamaki, afana ne-304 kanye ne-316 yensimbi engagqwali, athandwa kakhulu ngenxa yezakhiwo zawo ezilinganiselayo, enikeza kokubili amandla aqinile aphezulu kanye nokumelana okuhle kakhulu kokugqoka nokuguqulwa.

Izinqubo Zokukhiqiza kanye Nomthelela Wazo Emandleni

Ukuqina kwezindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali akunqunywa kuphela ukwakheka kwazo kodwa nangokunemba kwezinqubo zazo zokukhiqiza. Lawa malingi ajwayele ukukhiqizwa ngokufoja, ukulingisa, noma ngomshini, ngayinye edlala indima ebalulekile ekuthuthukiseni ubuqotho besakhiwo namandla. Ukuqamba kuhilela ukucindezela okuphezulu nokushisa ukuze kucwengisiswe ukwakheka okusanhlamvu, ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zemishini futhi kuphumele emasongweni anamandla aphakeme, ukumelana nomthelela, kanye nokunciphisa amathuba okuba sengozini yokukhathala. Amaringi e-Cast, akhiwe ngokuthela insimbi encibilikisiwe esikhunjeni, igcina isakhiwo esiminyene, esifanayo esine-voids encane yangaphakathi noma ubuthakathaka, iqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekile. Ukumayinisa, okusetshenziselwa izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinemba okuphezulu, ukusika kanye nokubumba amabhilidi ensimbi engenasici ukuze kube nokucaciswa okunembile, okuhlinzeka ngokubekezelelana okuqinile kanye nezindawo ezibushelelezi ezinikela ekusebenzeni kwesikhathi eside.

Ukwengeza, izinqubo zokwelashwa kokushisa ezifana nokucwiliswa kwe-anneal kanye nokucisha kuqhubekisela phambili ukuthuthukisa izakhiwo zezinto ngokulungisa ukwakheka kwayo okuncane. I-Annealing ithambisa insimbi, ithuthukise i-ductility futhi inciphise izingcindezi zangaphakathi, kuyilapho ukucisha kupholisa ngokushesha okubalulekile ukukhulisa ubulukhuni namandla aqinile. Ngokuhlangene, lezi zindlela zokukhiqiza ziqinisekisa ukuthi izindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali zigcina ukuqina kwazo ngaphansi kwezimo ezimbi kakhulu, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezimbonini ezinzima noma ezindaweni zasolwandle.

Ukumelana Nokugqwala Kwezindandatho Zensimbi Engagqwali Enkulu

Enye yezinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zamasongo amakhulu ensimbi engagqwali ukumelana kwawo okukhethekile nokugqwala, okuwenza alungele ukusetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinokhahlo. Isici esiyinhloko ngemuva kwalokhu kumelana nokuqukethwe kwe-chromium kunsimbi engagqwali, esabela komoyampilo ukuze yakhe ungqimba oluncane, oluzinzile lwe-chromium oxide ngaphezulu. Lesi singqimba se-passive sisebenza njengesithiyo, sivimbele ukuqhubekela phambili kwe-oxidation futhi sivikele insimbi engaphansi ekugqwaleni nasekuwohlokeni. Ngokungafani ne-carbon steel, egqwala lapho ibhekene nomswakama noma izimo ezine-acidic, kanye ne-aluminium, engenawo amandla namandla okuthwala umthwalo wezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisindayo, izindandatho zensimbi engagqwali zigcina ubuqotho bazo besakhiwo ngisho nasezimweni ezinolaka ezifana nezicelo zasolwandle noma izitshalo zokucubungula amakhemikhali.

Amabanga athile, njengensimbi engagqwali engu-316, aqukethe i-molybdenum, ethuthukisa ukumelana nokugqwala okubangelwa i-chloride, iwenze asebenze ngokukhethekile ezindaweni ezisogwini noma ezingasogwini. Lesi sivikelo esingokwemvelo sokugqwala nokuwohloka kwamakhemikhali siqinisekisa ukuthi izindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali zihlala zithembekile futhi zihlala isikhathi eside.

Amandla Emishini kanye Nomthamo Wokuthwala Imithwalo

Izindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali zakhiwe ukuze zimelane nengcindezi enkulu yomshini, zizenze izingxenye ezibalulekile ezinhlelweni zokusebenza ezidinga amandla aqine kakhulu, ukuqina, kanye nokumelana nokuguquka. Kuye ngebanga elithile kanye nenqubo yokukhiqiza, izindandatho zensimbi engagqwali zingabonisa amandla aqinile asukela ku-500 kuya ku-1,000 MPa, okuqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwawo ekufuneni izinhlelo zesakhiwo nemishini. Amandla esivuno esiphezulu avumela la masongo ukuthi agcine umumo wawo ngaphansi kwemithwalo ebalulekile, enciphisa ingozi yokwehluleka ezinhlelweni ezibucayi ezifana nemishini esindayo, amabhuloho amisiwe, kanye nemishini yokuphakamisa izimboni.

Ukuqina, enye impahla yokukhanda ebalulekile, iqinisekisa ukuthi la ma ringi angakwazi ukumelana nokuguga, ukuhuzuka, kanye nomthelela ngaphandle kokulondoloza umonakalo. Inhlanganisela ye-chromium, i-nickel, nezinye izakhi ze-alloying ithuthukisa ubulukhuni bezinto ezibonakalayo, ukuyivumela ukuthi igcine ubuqotho besakhiwo ngisho nangaphansi kwengcindezi ephindaphindiwe. Ukwengeza, ikhono lokumelana nokwehluleka kokukhathala liqinisekisa ukuqina kwesikhathi eside ezinhlelweni ezibandakanya imithwalo eguquguqukayo, njengemishini ejikelezayo noma amajoyinti athwala imithwalo. Ibhalansi yamandla nokuqina okunikezwa insimbi engagqwali kuyenza into ebaluleke kakhulu ezindaweni lapho ubuqotho besakhiwo nokuphila isikhathi eside kubaluleke kakhulu.

Umthelela Wezici Zemvelo Ekuqineni

Ukuqina kwezindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali kuthonywa kakhulu izimo zemvelo, ikakhulukazi amazinga okushisa aphakeme, ukuchayeka kumakhemikhali anonya, nezingcindezi zemishini njengokudlidliza nokukhathala. Amazinga okushisa aphezulu kakhulu angathinta izakhiwo zemishini; amanye amabanga angase abonise amandla ancishisiwe kanye nokuthambekela okukhulayo kokuguquguquka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu. Kodwa-ke, ama-alloys asebenza kakhulu njengensimbi engu-310 noma engu-321 agcina ubuqotho besakhiwo ngaphansi kokushisa okukhulu. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, amazinga okushisa aphansi kakhulu angathuthukisa ukuqina kwempahla, ayenze ifanele ukusetshenziswa kwe-cryogenic. Kodwa-ke, ukuchayeka isikhathi eside kumabhayisikili ashisayo kungaletha ingcindezi futhi kungase kuholele kuma-microcracks ngokuhamba kwesikhathi.

Ukuchayeka kwamakhemikhali nakho kudlala indima ebalulekile ekunqumeni ukuphila isikhathi eside. Nakuba ungqimba lwensimbi engagqwali lwe-chromium oxide lunikeza ukumelana okuqinile nokugqwala, izinto ezinolaka njengama-asidi agxilile noma izinhlanganisela ezisekelwe ku-chlorine zingafaka engozini lokhu kuvikela, okuholela emgodini wendawo noma ukugqwala kwemifantu. Ezimweni eziguquguqukayo, ukudlidliza okuqhubekayo nokulayisha ngomjikelezo kungasheshisa ukwehluleka ukukhathala, ikakhulukazi uma amaringi engaphansi kwengcindezi yemishini eshintshashintshayo. Ukukhethwa kwempahla efanele, okokuvikela, nokuhlolwa okuvamile kubalulekile ukuze kuncishiswe le mithelela yemvelo futhi kuqinisekiswe ukwethembeka kwesikhathi eside ekusetshenzisweni okufunayo.

Ukunakekela Nokunakekela Ukuphila Isikhathi Eside

Ukunakekelwa okufanele nokunakekelwa kubalulekile ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuqina kwesikhathi eside kwamasongo amakhulu ensimbi engagqwali. Nakuba insimbi engagqwali ikwazi ukuqina ngokwemvelo, ukuhlanza nokuhlola okuvamile kungavimbela ukunqwabelana kokungcola okungase konakalise ungqimba lwaso lwe-oxide evikelayo. Ezindaweni zezimboni noma zasolwandle, ukuchayeka emanzini anosawoti, amakhemikhali, noma izinhlayiya ezilimazayo kungaholela ekugqwaleni kwendawo. Kunconywa ukuhlanza ngezikhathi ezithile ngensipho namanzi noma izihlanzi ezikhethekile zensimbi engagqwali, okulandelwa ukuhlanzwa okuphelele nokomisa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunqwabelana kwezinsalela. Izihlanzi ezihlabayo ezinokhahlo noma izixazululo ezisekelwe ku-chlorine kufanele zigwenywe, njengoba zingalimaza ungqimba lwe-passive futhi zisheshise ukuwohloka.

Ukuhlolwa okujwayelekile kufanele kwenziwe ukuze kutholwe izimpawu zokuguga, ukuguga, noma ukulimala kwendawo. Imifantu, imigodi, noma ukuguquguquka kombala kungase kubonise ukugqwala kwesigaba sangaphambi kwesikhathi noma ukucindezeleka komshini, okudinga ukunakwa ngokushesha ukuze kuvinjelwe ukuwohloka okwengeziwe. Ezinhlelweni ezibandakanya izingxenye ezihambayo noma izingxenye ezithwalayo, ukuthambisa ngama-ejenti angagqwali kunganciphisa ukungqubuzana futhi kunciphise ukuguga. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi amaringi awekho ngaphansi kwemithwalo eyeqile ngaphezu kokucaciswa kwawo komklamo kusiza ukuvimbela ukwehluleka ngaphambi kwesikhathi. Ngokusebenzisa lezi zinqubo zokunakekela, abasebenzisi banganweba ngokuphawulekayo impilo yesevisi yezindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali, baqinisekise ukusebenza kwabo okuqhubekayo ezindaweni ezinzima.

Izicelo Zomhlaba Wangempela Zezindandatho Zensimbi Eningi Engagqwali

Izindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali ziyizingxenye ezibaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini eziningi ezihlukahlukene, lapho ukuqina kwazo okukhethekile namandla kuwenza afanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza ezinzima. Ekwakhiweni nakwengqalasizinda, lezi zindandatho zisebenza njengezinto ezibalulekile ezithwala umthwalo kuma-cranes, imishini yokuphakamisa, namabhuloho amisiwe, okuqinisekisa ukuphepha nokuphila isikhathi eside. Ukumelana kwazo nezinto ezicindezela indawo ezungezile kuzenza zibe usizo kwezobunjiniyela basolwandle ukuze zisetshenziswe ekwakheni imikhumbi, izinsimbi zikawoyela ezingasogwini, nasezisekelweni zesakhiwo esingaphansi kwamanzi, lapho ukuchayeka emanzini anosawoti nezimo zasolwandle ezinzima kudinga izinto ezikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala.

Imboni ye-aerospace iphinde ithembele kakhulu kulawa maringi ukuze uthole izinsiza zokuhlala zendiza, izingxenye zenjini, nezibophelelo zesakhiwo, lapho ukwehluleka kungeyona inketho. Ikhono lensimbi engagqwali lokubekezelela amazinga okushisa adlulele kanye nokucindezeleka kwemishini liqinisekisa ukwethembeka kwezinhlelo zezindiza, okunikela ekuphepheni kukonke kwendiza. Emkhakheni wokucubungula amakhemikhali, izindandatho zensimbi engagqwali zisetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zamapayipi, ama-valve, nemikhumbi ye-reactor ngenxa yokumelana kwazo nezinto ezinolaka. Ngisho nasembonini yobucwebe nemiklamo, izindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali zithandwa ngenxa yokukhanga kwazo kobuhle nokuqina, zinikeza enye indlela ehlala isikhathi eside yezinsimbi eziyigugu zendabuko.

Imikhawulo Nokucatshangelwa Lapho Usebenzisa Izindandatho Zensimbi Engagqwali Enkulu

Nakuba izindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali zinikeza ukuqina namandla akhethekile, kunemikhawulo ethile nokucatshangelwa okufanele kucatshangelwe lapho kukhethwa ukuze kwenziwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithile. Izindandatho zensimbi engagqwali zisinda kakhulu uma ziqhathaniswa nezinye izinto ezingasindi njenge-titanium noma ama-alloys e-aluminium enamandla amakhulu, angase afaneleke kakhulu izinhlelo zokusebenza ezizwelayo. Ukwengeza, izindleko zezindandatho zensimbi engagqwali zingaba phezulu kakhulu kunezinye izinto, ikakhulukazi kumaphrojekthi wezimboni ezinkulu lapho ukuvinjelwa kwesabelomali kungase kube nomthelela ekukhethweni kwezinto ezibonakalayo.

Okunye okucatshangelwayo okubalulekile ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kube ne-stress corrosion cracking (SCC) ngaphansi kwezimo ezithile. Ngenkathi insimbi engagqwali imelana nokugqwala okuvamile, izindawo ezithile eziqukethe ukugxiliswa okuphezulu kwama-chloride noma amazinga okushisa adlulele kakhulu zingaholela ekuhlulekeni kwendawo uma okokusebenza kungaphansi kwengcindezi eqinile. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanele, njengokukhetha amamaki e-molybdenum ephezulu njengensimbi engagqwali engu-316, kunganciphisa le ngozi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ezinhlelweni ezidinga ukuqhutshwa kukagesi, ezinye izinto ezifana nethusi noma i-aluminium zingafaneleka kakhulu.

Inani Elihlala Likhona Lezindandatho Zensimbi Engagqwali Enkulu

Izindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engagqwali ziyisibonelo senhlanganisela eyingqayizivele yamandla, ukumelana nokugqwala, nokuphila isikhathi eside, okuwenza abaluleke kakhulu ezimbonini eziningi. Ukwakheka kwazo, okugxilwe ku-chromium, nickel, nezinye izakhi ze-alloying, kuqinisekisa ungqimba oluvikelayo olumelana nokugqwala nokuwohloka kwamakhemikhali, kuyilapho amasu okukhiqiza athuthukile ethuthukisa ubuqotho bazo besakhiwo. Izakhiwo zikagesi ezinjengamandla aqine kakhulu, ubulukhuni, nokumelana nokukhathala ziqinisa indima yazo ekufakweni okudingayo, kusukela emishinini yezimboni esindayo kuya ezingxenyeni ze-aerospace.

Ukusimama kwemvelo, okuhlanganisa ukusebenza ngaphansi kwamazinga okushisa aphakeme kanye nokuchayeka ezimeni ezinzima, kugcizelela ukuguquguquka kwazo kumaphrojekthi asolwandle, amakhemikhali, kanye nengqalasizinda. Naphezu kwezinzuzo zazo eziningi, ukucatshangelwa okufana nesisindo, izindleko, kanye nokuba sengozini yokucindezeleka kokuqhekeka kokugqwala kufanele kuhlolwe ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwazo. Ukugcinwa okufanele, okuhlanganisa ukuhlanzwa nokuhlolwa okuvamile, kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwabo kwesikhathi eside, ukuqinisa inani labo njengezingxenye ezihlala njalo, ezisebenza kahle kakhulu. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi isetshenziselwa ukwakha, ubunjiniyela basolwandle, noma izinhlelo zokusebenza ezigxile ekwakhiweni, izindandatho ezinkulu zensimbi engenasici zinikeza irekhodi elifakazelwe lokuqina nokusebenza, eliqinisekisa ubuqotho besakhiwo nokusebenza kahle ezinhlelweni eziningi zokusebenza.