Yintoni uZinzo lweeRingi ezinkulu zeSisimbi?

Amakhonkco amakhulu entsimbi adume ngokuhlala ixesha elide, avela kubume obukhethekileyo kunye nolwakhiwo. La makhonkco ikakhulu abandakanya i-alloys yensimbi engenasici, ebandakanya ikakhulu intsimbi, ichromium, kunye nezixa ezahlukeneyo zenickel, molybdenum, kunye nezinye izinto. Ubukho bechromium bubalulekile, bubumba umaleko obhityileyo, ongabonakaliyo wechromium oxide phezu komhlaba xa udityaniswe neoksijini. Olu luhlu lwe-passive lusebenza njengesithintelo esikhuselayo, sithintela ukubola kunye nokuqinisekisa ukomelela kwexesha elide. Ukongeza, i-nickel yongeza ukuqina kwezixhobo kunye nokuchasana nobushushu obugqithisileyo, ukwenza amakhonkco ensimbi angenasici alungele iimeko ezifunayo.

Ngaphandle kokwakheka kweekhemikhali, ukuqina kolwakhiwo lwamakhonkco amakhulu ensimbi engenasici kunegalelo elikhulu kumandla azo. La makhonkco aqhele ukwenziwa kusetyenziswa iindlela ezichanekileyo zokubumba okanye zokuphosa, ukuqinisekisa ubume obuxineneyo, obufanayo kunye neziphene ezincinci zangaphakathi. Oku kufana kwandisa amandla okuthwala umthwalo kwaye kunciphisa umngcipheko wokuphuka koxinzelelo. Amanye amabanga, anje nge-304 kunye ne-316 yentsimbi engatyiwayo, athandwa kakhulu kwiipropathi zawo ezilungeleleneyo, ezibonelela ngamandla anamandla okuxinana kunye nokumelana okugqwesileyo kokunxiba kunye nokuguqulwa.

Iinkqubo zokuVelisa kunye nempembelelo yazo kumandla

Ukuqina kwamakhonkco amakhulu ensimbi engenasici akugqitywanga kuphela ngokubunjwa kwazo kodwa nangokuchaneka kweenkqubo zabo zokuvelisa. Ezi zangqa ziqhele ukuveliswa ngokwenziwa, ukuphosa, okanye ukwenziwa ngoomatshini, nganye kuzo idlala indima ebalulekileyo ekwandiseni imfezeko yolwakhiwo namandla. I-Forging ibandakanya uxinzelelo oluphezulu kunye nokushisa ukuze kuhlanjululwe isakhiwo sengqolowa, ukuphucula iimpawu zomatshini kunye nokuphumela kwindandatho ezinamandla aphezulu, ukuchasana nempembelelo, kunye nokunciphisa ukungenwa kukungaphumeleli kokukhathala. Amakhonkco enziwe ngokugalela isinyithi esinyibilikisiweyo kwi-mold, gcina i-dense, isakhiwo esifanayo kunye ne-voids yangaphakathi encinci okanye ubuthathaka, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza okuthembekileyo. I-Machining, esetyenziselwa izicelo ezichanekileyo eziphezulu, ukusika kunye nokubunjwa kweebhilidi zensimbi ezingenasici eziqinileyo kwiinkcukacha ezichanekileyo, ukubonelela ukunyamezela okuqinileyo kunye neendawo ezigudileyo ezifaka isandla ekusebenzeni kwexesha elide.

Ukongeza, iinkqubo zonyango lobushushu ezinje ngokubambisa kunye nokucinywa ziphucula ngakumbi iipropathi zemathiriyeli ngokuguqula i-microstructure yayo. I-Anealing ithambisa isinyithi, iphucula i-ductility kunye nokunciphisa uxinzelelo lwangaphakathi, ngelixa ukucima ngokukhawuleza kupholisa izinto zokunyusa ukuqina kunye namandla okuqina. Ngokudibeneyo, obu buchule bokuvelisa buqinisekisa ukuba amakhonkco amakhulu ensimbi engenasici agcina ukuqina kwawo phantsi kweemeko ezinzima, nokuba ngaba kumashishini anzima okanye kwiindawo zaselwandle.

Ukunyangwa kokuNjiswa kwezangqa ezinkulu zentsimbi

Olona ncedo lubalulekileyo lwamakhonkco amakhulu entsimbi engatyiwayo kukuxhathisa kwawo okungaqhelekanga ekudlekeni, okuwenza alungele ukusetyenziswa kwiindawo ezirhabaxa. Eyona nto iphambili emva kolu xhathiso ngumxholo wechromium kwintsimbi engenasici, ethi ichaphazele neoksijini ukuze yenze umaleko obhityileyo, ozinzileyo wechromium oxide phezu komhlaba. Olu luhlu lwe-passive lusebenza njengesithintelo, lukhusela i-oxidation eyongezelelweyo kunye nokukhusela isinyithi esingaphantsi kwi-rust kunye nokuthotywa. Ngokungafaniyo nentsimbi yekhabhoni, enomhlwa xa ibonakaliswe kubumanzi okanye kwiimeko ze-acidic, kunye ne-aluminium, engenamandla kunye nomthamo wokuthwala umthwalo wezicelo ezinzima, amakhonkco ensimbi engenasici agcina ingqibelelo yawo yesakhiwo nakwiimeko ezinobundlobongela ezifana nezicelo zaselwandle okanye izityalo zokulungisa imichiza.

Amanqanaba athile, afana ne-316 yensimbi engenasici, aqukethe i-molybdenum, eyongeza ukuchasana ne-chloride-induced corrosion, eyenza isebenze ngokukodwa kwiindawo eziselunxwemeni okanye ezinxwemeni. Olu khuselo lwendalo kumhlwa kunye nokuthotywa kweekhemikhali luqinisekisa ukuba amakhonkco amakhulu ensimbi ahlala ethembekile kwaye ehlala ixesha elide.

Amandla oomatshini kunye nesakhono sokuthwala umthwalo

Izangqa ezinkulu zentsimbi engenakutyiwa zenziwe ukuba zimelane noxinzelelo olukhulu lomatshini, zizenze zibe yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kwizicelo ezifuna ukomelela okuphezulu, ukuqina, kunye nokumelana noguquko. Ngokuxhomekeke kwibakala elithile kunye nenkqubo yokuvelisa, iindandatho zensimbi ezingenasici zingabonisa amandla okuqina ukusuka kwi-500 ukuya kwi-MPa ye-1,000, ukuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwabo kwiinkqubo ezifunwayo zesakhiwo kunye noomatshini. Amandla esivuno esiphezulu avumela ezi zindandatho ukuba zigcine imilo yazo phantsi kwemithwalo ebalulekileyo, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokungaphumeleli kwizicelo ezibalulekileyo ezifana noomatshini obunzima, iibhulorho zokunqunyanyiswa, kunye nezixhobo zokunyusa ishishini.

Ukuqina, enye ipropathi ebalulekileyo yomatshini, iqinisekisa ukuba ezi zangqa ziyakwazi ukumelana nokuguga, ukukrazuka, kunye nefuthe ngaphandle kokugcina umonakalo. Ukudityaniswa kwechromium, i-nickel, kunye nezinye izinto ze-alloying zonyusa ubulukhuni bezinto, zivumela ukuba zigcine ingqibelelo yesakhiwo naphantsi koxinzelelo oluphindaphindiweyo. Ukongezelela, ukukwazi ukuchasana nokungaphumeleli kokukhathala kuqinisekisa ukuhlala ixesha elide kwizicelo ezibandakanya imithwalo eguquguqukayo, njengezixhobo ezijikelezayo okanye izihlanganisi ezithwele umthwalo. Ulungelelwaniso lwamandla kunye nokuqina okunikezelwa ngetsimbi yensimbi kwenza kube yinto eyimfuneko kwiindawo apho ukunyaniseka kwesakhiwo kunye nokuphila ixesha elide kubaluleke kakhulu.

Impembelelo yeMiba yokusiNgqongileyo ekuZinziseni

Ukomelela kwamakhonkco amakhulu entsimbi engenasici kuphenjelelwa kakhulu ziimeko zokusingqongileyo, ngakumbi ubushushu obugqithisileyo, ukuchanabeka kwiikhemikhali ezirhabaxa, kunye noxinzelelo lomatshini olunjengokungcangcazela kunye nokudinwa. Ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokuchaphazela iipropathi zoomatshini; amanye amabakala angabonisa amandla ancitshisiweyo kunye nokwanda kokuchaphazeleka kwi-deformation kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Nangona kunjalo, i-alloys ephezulu yokusebenza njenge-310 okanye i-321 yensimbi engenasici igcina ingqibelelo yesakhiwo phantsi kobushushu obukhulu. Ngokwahlukileyo, amaqondo obushushu aphantsi kakhulu anokunyusa ukuqina kwemathiriyeli, eyenze ilungele usetyenziso lwe-cryogenic. Nangona kunjalo, ukuvezwa ixesha elide kwibhayisekile eshushu kunokwazisa uxinzelelo kwaye kunokukhokelela kwi-microcracks ngokuhamba kwexesha.

Ukuba sesichengeni ngamachiza nako kunendima ebalulekileyo ekumiseleni ubomi obude. Ngelixa iintsimbi ezingenastainless steel chromium oxide layer inika ukuxhathisa okuqinileyo ekudlekeni, izinto ezinobundlongondlongo njengeeasidi ezigxininisiweyo okanye iikhompawundi ezisekwe kwiklorini zinokulubeka esichengeni olu khuseleko, nto leyo ekhokelela kwimingxuma yasekhaya okanye ukuhlwa kwemingxuma. Kwiindawo eziguquguqukayo, ukungcangcazela okuqhubekayo kunye nokulayishwa kwebhayisikile kunokukhawulezisa ukungaphumeleli kokudinwa, ngakumbi ukuba iindandatho ziphantsi koxinzelelo oluguquguqukayo lomatshini. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanelekileyo, iingubo zokukhusela, kunye nokuhlolwa kwesiqhelo kubalulekile ukunciphisa le miphumo yokusingqongileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwexesha elide kwizicelo ezifunwayo.

ULondolozo kunye nokuKhathalela uBomi obude

Ukugcinwa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokunyamekela kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuqina kwexesha elide lamakhonkco amakhulu ensimbi engenasici. Ngelixa isinyithi esingenasici sinokuqina ngokwemvelo, ukucocwa rhoqo kunye nokuhlolwa kunokuthintela ukuqokelelwa kwezinto ezingcolileyo ezinokuthi ziphazamise umaleko wayo okhuselayo we-oxide. Kwiindawo zemizi-mveliso okanye zaselwandle, ukuvezwa kumanzi anetyuwa, iikhemikhali, okanye amasuntswana abrasive kunokukhokelela kukonakala kwendawo. Ukucocwa ngamaxesha athile ngesepha ethambileyo namanzi okanye izicoci ezikhethekileyo zentsimbi engenasici kuyacetyiswa, kulandelwa kukuhlanjululwa ngokucokisekileyo nokomisa ukunqanda ukwakheka kwentsalela. Izicoci ze-abrasive abrasive okanye izisombululo ezisekelwe kwi-chlorine kufuneka zigwenywe, njengoko zingonakalisa i-passive layer kunye nokukhawuleza ukuthotywa.

Ukuhlolwa okuqhelekileyo kufuneka kuqhutywe ukukhangela iimpawu zokuguga, ukuguqulwa, okanye umonakalo ongaphezulu. Ukuqhekeka, ukugqobhoza, okanye ukujika kombala kungabonisa ukuthotywa kwenqanaba lakwangoko okanye uxinzelelo lomatshini, oko kufuna ingqalelo ekhawulezileyo ukuthintela ukuwohloka ngakumbi. Kwizicelo ezibandakanya iindawo ezihambayo okanye izinto ezithwala imithwalo, i-lubrication ene-non-corrosive agents inokunciphisa ukukhuhlana kunye nokunciphisa ukuguga. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iiringi azifakwanga kwimithwalo egqithileyo ngaphaya kwenkcazo yoyilo kunceda ukuthintela ukusilela kwangaphambi kwexesha. Ngokuphumeza ezi zenzo zokulondoloza, abasebenzisi banokwandisa kakhulu ubomi benkonzo yamakhonkco amakhulu ensimbi engenasici, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kwabo okuqhubekayo kwiindawo ezifunayo.

Usetyenziso lweLizwe lokwenyani lweRingi ezinkulu zeStainless Steel

Izangqa ezinkulu zentsimbi engenaziphene zizinto eziyimfuneko kuluhlu olubanzi lwamashishini, apho ukuqina kwawo okukhethekileyo kunye nokomelela kwawo kuwenza alungele usetyenziso olunzima. Kulwakhiwo kunye neziseko ezingundoqo, ezi zangqa zisebenza njengezinto ezibalulekileyo zokuthwala umthwalo kwiikhreyini, izixhobo zokunyusa, kunye neebhulorho ezimisiweyo, eziqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nokuphila ixesha elide. Ukuchasana kwabo noxinzelelo lwemekobume kubenza baxabiseke kubunjineli baselwandle ukuze basetyenziswe ekwakhiweni kweenqanawa, izixhobo ze-oyile ezingaselunxwemeni, kunye nenkxaso yesakhiwo esingaphantsi kwamanzi, apho ukuvezwa kumanzi anetyuwa kunye neemeko ezirhabaxa zaselwandle zifuna imathiriyeli enokumelana nomhlwa.

Ishishini le-aerospace likwathembele kakhulu kwezi zangqa kwizixhobo zokumisa inqwelomoya, amacandelo enjini, kunye nezibophelelo zesakhiwo, apho ukusilela kungenakuzikhethela. I-stainless steels ikhono lokunyamezela ukushisa okukhulu kunye noxinzelelo lomatshini luqinisekisa ukuthembeka kweenkqubo zeenqwelo-moya, ezinegalelo ekukhuseleni ngokubanzi kwendiza. Kwicandelo lokucutshungulwa kweekhemikhali, iindandatho zensimbi ezingenasici ziqeshwe kwiinkqubo zemibhobho, iivalve, kunye nemikhumbi ye-reactor ngenxa yokuchasana nezinto ezinobundlobongela. Nakwishishini lezacholo kunye noyilo, amakhonkco amakhulu ensimbi engenasici athandwa ngenxa yesibheno sawo sobuhle kunye nokomelela, enikezela ngenye indlela ehlala ixesha elide kwiintsimbi zesintu ezixabisekileyo.

Unyino kunye neNgqwalasela xa usebenzisa iRingi zeSimbi eZikhulu

Ngelixa amakhonkco amakhulu ensimbi engenasici enika ukuqina namandla akhethekileyo, kukho imida ethile kunye neengqwalasela ekufuneka zithathelwe ingqalelo xa uzikhethela izicelo ezithile. Amakhonkco entsimbi anzima xa kuthelekiswa nezinye izinto ezikhaphukhaphu ezifana ne-titanium okanye i-alloys ye-aluminiyam ephezulu, enokuthi ifaneleke ngakumbi kwizicelo ezinobunzima. Ukongezelela, iindleko zeentsimbi zensimbi ezingenasici zingaba phezulu kakhulu kunezinye izinto, ngokukodwa kwiiprojekthi ezinkulu zoshishino apho ukunyanzeliswa kwebhajethi kunokuchaphazela ukhetho lwezinto eziphathekayo.

Olunye uqwalaselo olubalulekileyo lunokubangela uxinzelelo lwe-corrosion cracking (SCC) phantsi kweemeko ezithile. Ngelixa isinyithi esingenasici sixhathisa ukuthotywa jikelele, iindawo ezithile eziqulathe ugxininiso oluphezulu lwekloridi okanye amaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo anokukhokelela ekungaphumelelini kwendawo ukuba izinto ziphantsi koxinzelelo loxinzelelo. Ukukhethwa kwezinto ezifanelekileyo, njengokukhetha amabakala aphezulu e-molybdenum njenge-316 yensimbi engenasici, kunokunciphisa lo mngcipheko. Ngapha koko, kwizicelo ezifuna ukuhanjiswa kombane, ezinye izinto ezifana nobhedu okanye i-aluminium zinokufaneleka ngakumbi.

Ixabiso eliQinisekayo lezangqa ezinkulu zentsimbi

Amakhonkco amakhulu entsimbi angumzekelo wokudityaniswa kwamandla, ukuxhathisa umhlwa, kunye nobomi obude, nto leyo ebenza babaluleke kakhulu kushishino olubanzi. Ukubunjwa kwabo, okumiliselwe kwichromium, nickel, kunye nezinye izinto zokudibanisa, kuqinisekisa umaleko okhuselayo oxhathisa umhlwa kunye nokuthotywa kweekhemikhali, ngelixa ubuchule bokuvelisa obuphambili bonyusa ingqibelelo yabo yesakhiwo. Iipropathi zoomatshini ezinje ngokuqina okuphezulu, ubulukhuni, kunye nokumelana nokudinwa ziqhubela phambili ziqinisa indima yazo kwizicelo ezifunayo, ukusuka koomatshini abanzima bemizi-mveliso ukuya kwizixhobo ze-aerospace.

Ukomelela kokusingqongileyo, kubandakanywa ukusebenza phantsi kwamaqondo obushushu agqithisileyo kunye nokuchanabeka kwiimeko ezinzima, kugxininisa ukuguquguquka kwazo kwiiprojekthi zaselwandle, iikhemikhali, kunye neziseko zophuhliso. Ngaphandle kwezibonelelo zabo ezininzi, uqwalaselo olunjengobunzima, iindleko, kunye nokuba sesichengeni sokucinezeleka kokuqhekeka kwe-corrosion kufuneka kuhlolwe ukuze kuphuculwe ukusebenza kwabo. Ukugcinwa okufanelekileyo, kubandakanywa ukucocwa rhoqo kunye nokuhlolwa, kuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwabo kwexesha elide, ukuqinisa ixabiso labo njengento ehlala ixesha elide, ephezulu yokusebenza. Ingaba isetyenziselwa ukwakhiwa, ubunjineli baselwandle, okanye izicelo ezijoliswe kuyilo, amakhonkco amakhulu ensimbi engenasici anikezela ngerekhodi eqinisekisiweyo yokuqina kunye nokusebenza, ukuqinisekisa ukunyaniseka kwesakhiwo kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kwizicelo ezingenakubalwa.