Pezani Zodzikongoletsera Zakale Zapamwamba Kwambiri ku Dubai

Pali mitundu ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya turquoise kuno ku U.S., komwe ambiri amakumbidwa kumwera chakumadzulo - Arizona, California, Colorado, New Mexico ndi Nevada. Ndipo, pali mitundu ingapo ya Amwenye Achimereka omwe amagwiritsa ntchito kupanga zodzikongoletsera zasiliva - Amwenye a Navajo, Zuni, ndi Hopi ndi akatswiri opanga zodzikongoletsera za turquoise ndi siliva. Iwo anaphunzira luso lawo lopeta siliva kuchokera kwa Amwenye a ku Mexico pamene anasinthanitsa nkhosa ndi ng’ombe zawo ndi malangizo opeta siliva. Masiku ano, Amwenye athu aku America akupanga zodzikongoletsera zokongola zasiliva zokhala ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali ya turquoise, zomwe adaphunzira kupanga kuyambira mibadwo yakale.

Turquoise ndi mchere wosawoneka bwino, wabuluu mpaka wobiriwira womwe ndi hydrous pohosphate wamkuwa ndi aluminiyamu. Mankhwala ake ndi CUAle(PO4)4(OH)8 * 4H2O. Mawu akuti turquoise amachokera ku Old French m'zaka za zana la 16 ndipo amatanthauza "Turkey" chifukwa mcherewo unabweretsedwa ku Ulaya kuchokera ku Turkey koma unachokera ku migodi ya turquoise ku Persia, yomwe ndi Iran masiku ano. Turquoise imakumbidwanso ku China ndipo turquoise yochokera kumadera onsewa ndi yotchuka kwambiri masiku ano. Ndimangokonda zodzikongoletsera za turquoise zopangidwa ndi Amwenye Achimereka, ngakhale ndidavalanso zodzikongoletsera zaku China.

Mtundu wa turquoise umasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku zoyera kupita ku buluu wa ufa, kupita ku buluu wakumwamba komanso kuchokera ku buluu-wobiriwira kupita ku chikasu chobiriwira. Buluu amadziwika kuti ndi mkuwa wa idiochromatic ndipo zobiriwira zimakhulupirira kuti zimakhala chifukwa cha zonyansa zachitsulo kapena kutaya madzi kwamtengo wapatali. Turquoise imatha kukhala ndi mikwingwirima ya pyrite kapena yolumikizidwa ndi mitsempha yakuda, ya akangaude a limonite.

Turquoise ndi mchere wachiwiri wochokera ku mkuwa. Mkuwa umachokera ku chalcopyrite, malachite kapena azurite.

Aluminium imachokera ku feldspar ndipo phosphorous imachokera ku apatite.

Chifukwa chake, turquoise imachokera ku pang'ono pang'ono mwa mcherewu kuti apange zinthu zake. Nyengo imathandizanso kwambiri kupanga mwala wa turquoise monga momwe nthawi zambiri imapezeka m'madera ouma, kudzaza kapena kutsekeka m'mabowo ndi maphwando osinthika kwambiri. Turquoise imapezeka ngati mitsempha kapena kudzaza kwa msoko komanso ngati tinthu tating'onoting'ono tating'ono.

Turquoise inali imodzi mwa miyala yamtengo wapatali yoyamba kukumbidwa kuno ku U.S. Mbiri yakale ya U.S. migodi yatha kale, koma ena akugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi manja popanda makina lero. Nthawi zambiri turquoise imapezeka ngati yopangidwa ndi ntchito zazikulu zamigodi yamkuwa ku U.S.

Masiku ano, Arizona ndiye wopanga kwambiri mwala wamtengo wapatali wa turquoise. Migodi yambiri ya turquoise yomwe ikupanga m'boma ndi Sleeping Beauty Mine ku Globe, Arizona ndi Kingman Mine ku Kingman, Arizona. Nevada ndi dziko lina lomwe limapanga kwambiri turquoise. Pali pafupifupi migodi 120 yomwe yatulutsa kuchuluka kwa turquoise. Omwe amapanga turquoise ku Nevada ndi zigawo za Lander ndi Esmeralda.

Amwenye Achimereka Achimereka ndi Zodzikongoletsera za Turquoise Masiku Ano, Kupanga Zodzikongoletsera Zachimereka ku America, pogwiritsa ntchito mwala wa turquoise, kumatanthauzidwa ngati zokongoletsera zaumwini ndi zipangizo zopangidwa ndi anthu amwenye a ku U.S. Zodzikongoletsera zasiliva ndi turquoise zimawonetsa kusiyana kwa zikhalidwe ndi mbiri ya Native American Tribes kuno ku U.S. Zimakhalabe, ngakhale lero, mawu aakulu a kudziwika kwa mafuko ndi munthu payekha kwa Indian silver smithers, osula zitsulo, mikanda, carvers, ndi lapidaries amaphatikiza zitsulo zosiyanasiyana, miyala yamtengo wapatali komanso yamtengo wapatali ndi zipangizo zina kuti apange zodzikongoletsera. Zodzikongoletsera za Contemporary Native American zitha kupangidwa kuchokera ku miyala yopangidwa ndi manja ndikusinthidwa ndi zipolopolo kupita ku zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa ndi makompyuta ndi titaniyamu. Ndimakonda zidutswa zopangidwa ndi manja komanso zopangidwa ndi manja za turquoise ndi siliva zopangidwa ndi mafuko a Navajo, Hopi ndi Zuni omwe amakhala kumwera chakumadzulo kwa U.S.

Ntchito ya Silversmithing ndi siliva idalandiridwa ndi akatswiri akumwera chakumadzulo kwa 1850s pomwe osula siliva a ku Mexico adagulitsa ng'ombe zomwe akudziwa kuchokera kwa Amwenye a Navajo ku U.S. Amwenye a Zuni anaphunzira kupanga siliva kuchokera kwa Anavajo ndipo pofika 1890 a Zuni anali ataphunzitsa Ahopi kupanga zodzikongoletsera zasiliva.

Anthu a Dine kapena Navajo anayamba kugwira ntchito yasiliva m'zaka za zana la 19. Mu l853, Atsidi Sani anali wosula siliva woyamba wa Navajo ndipo adaphunzira luso lake kuchokera kwa wosula siliva waku Mexico ndipo mu 1880 mtundu woyamba wa turquoise umadziwika kuti umayikidwa mu siliva. Pamene nthawi inali kupita, turquoise inayamba kupezeka mosavuta ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito muzodzikongoletsera zasiliva za Navajo. Masiku ano, turquoise imagwirizana kwambiri ndi kupanga zodzikongoletsera zasiliva za Navajo.

Kupanga zodzikongoletsera zasiliva kudayambitsidwa kwa anthu aku America aku Zuni Pueblo m'zaka za zana la 19. Masiku ano, siliva smithing ndi turquoise pakupanga zodzikongoletsera monga momwe zakhala zikugwiritsidwa ntchito m'chigawo cha Zuni. Amagwiritsa ntchito turquoise komanso jet, argillite, steatite, shale wofiira, chipolopolo chamadzi ozizira, abalone ndi spiny oyster popanga zodzikongoletsera.

Kineshde, wosula siliva wa Zuni chakumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1890 adapatsidwa mbiri chifukwa choyamba kuphatikiza siliva ndi turquoise muzodzikongoletsera zake. Zovala zamtengo wapatali za Zuni posakhalitsa zinadziwika chifukwa cha magulu awo amtundu wa turquoise.

Osula siliva aku India a Hopi amadziwika masiku ano chifukwa cha luso lawo lokutira lomwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga zodzikongoletsera zasiliva. WWII Hopi Indian veterans, kupyolera mu U.S. Dipatimenti ya Zam'kati, yaphunzira kudula, kugaya ndi kupukuta, kupondaponda ndi mchenga wa mapangidwe a Hopi a zodzikongoletsera.

Victor Coochwytewa, amadziwika kuti ndiye wopanga miyala yamtengo wapatali kwambiri pakusintha njira yophatikizira kukhala zodzikongoletsera za Hopi. Coochwytewa, pamodzi ndi Paul Saufkie ndi Fred Kabotie, adapanga bungwe loyambirira la Hopi Silvercraft Cooperative Guild mkati mwa fuko lawo la Hopi Indian.

Chophimbacho chimapangidwa ndi zigawo ziwiri za mapepala asiliva. Pepala limodzi limakhala ndi kamangidwe kake kenaka kenaka kakuwotcherera papepala lachiwiri ndi mapangidwe odulidwa. Kumbuyo kumadetsedwa kwambiri kudzera mu okosijeni ndipo gawo lapamwamba limapukutidwa pomwe gawo la pansi la siliva limaloledwa kutulutsa okosijeni. Chosanjikiza chapamwamba cha un-oxidized chimapangidwa kukhala chodulidwa, chomwe chimalola kuti mdima wapansi uwonekere. Ndine wamwayi kukhala ndi chibangili chasiliva cha Hopi chopangidwa ndi zokutira zasiliva ndipo ndiluso laluso lachi Hopi la ku India.

Chodabwitsa n’chakuti, kupatulapo ulendo wanga wopita ku Colorado ndili ndi zaka za m’ma 20, sindinapite kum’mwera chakumadzulo kukafunafuna zodzikongoletsera za Amwenye Achimereka. Ndine wamwayi kukhala ndi malo ogulitsa zodzikongoletsera a Native American Indian pompano ku Naples. FL. Zidutswa zingapo zomaliza zomwe ndagula zachokera kusitolo yaku Naples, kotero sindinapite patali kuti ndipeze ndalama zenizeni. Woyang'anira nyumba yosungiramo zinthu zakale, Lisa Milburn, ndi wogula wodalirika wa zidutswa za zodzikongoletsera za Navajo, Hopi, ndi Zuni, ndipo amabweretsa kwa ife kuno ku Naples. Ali ndi sitolo ina ku Highlands, NC, komanso. Ngati mukufuna, mutha kulumikizana naye pa:

Silver Eagle 651 Fifth Ave. South Naples, FL 239-403-3033 kapena Silver Eagle PO Box 422 468 Main St.

Highlands, NC 28741 828-526-5190 Ndikudziwa kuti kwa zaka zambiri, Achimereka Achimereka adapeza "rap yoipa" ndipo sanaloledwe chifukwa cha juga za juga ndi mavuto a mowa ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Koma, pankhani ya kusula siliva ndi zodzikongoletsera za turquoise, Amwenye Achimereka Achimereka ndi akatswiri aluso. Athera maola ambiri akuphunzira ndi kuwongolera ntchito yawo. Ndipo, Amwenye Achimereka Achimereka amadziwika ndi kupanga kwawo kokongola komanso kopanga zodzikongoletsera. Kupanga zodzikongoletsera kumayimira zabwino kwambiri, chikhalidwe chawo komanso kutalika kwakukulu komwe Amwenye a Native American angakwanitse. Ayenera kuyamikiridwa chifukwa cha luso lawo lachidziwitso, chiyambi komanso maola ambiri omwe amawatengera kuti apange zolengedwa zawo zokongola. Ndikukhulupirira kuti mudzasangalala ndi zodzikongoletsera za turquoise ndi siliva monga momwe ndiliri, komanso nthawi yomweyo, khalani ndi zosungirako zokongola zopangidwa ndi dziko lathu Maulalo omwe ali pansipa angakuthandizeni kuti muyambe kupeza zambiri ndikuyamba kugula zanu za turquoise zodzikongoletsera zasiliva zopangidwa ndi Amwenye Achimereka Achimereka.

Kusintha:

Posachedwapa ndasamukira ku Taos, New Mexico ndipo ndili kumwamba kobiriwira kuno. Achimereka Achimereka a pueblo kuno amapanga siliva wokongola ndi utoto wa turquoise wamitundu yonse muzodzikongoletsera zawo pano. Ndizokongola. Tsopano, nditha kuyendera mafuko Achimereka Achimereka ndi osula siliva omwe ndimawatchula m'nkhaniyi. Yang'anani zolemba zambiri pamutuwu.