E kiʻi i nā mea nani kahiko loa ma Dubai

Nui nā ʻano a me nā ʻano turquoise ma ʻaneʻi ma ʻAmelika, kahi i ʻeli ʻia ai ka hapa nui o ia mea ma ke komohana hema - Arizona, Kaleponi, Colorado, New Mexico a me Nevada. A, aia kekahi mau ʻohana ʻAmelika ʻAmelika e hoʻohana ana ia mea i kā lākou hana ʻana i ke kālā - ʻo Navajo, Zuni, a me Hopi Indians nā haku o ka hana ʻana i ka turquoise a me ke kālā. Ua aʻo lākou i ko lākou akamai i ka wili kālā mai nā ʻohana ʻōiwi Mekiko i kā lākou kālepa ʻana i kā lākou hipa a me nā pipi no nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo wili kālā. I kēia lā, ke hana nei ko mākou poʻe ʻAmelika i nā mea nani kālā i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me nā pōhaku turquoise nani, a lākou i aʻo ai pehea e hana ai mai nā hanauna i hala.

ʻO Turquoise kahi mineral opaque, uliuli a ʻōmaʻomaʻo i hydrous pohosphate o ke keleawe a me ka alumini. ʻO kāna kumu hoʻohālike kemika ʻo CUAle(PO4)4(OH)8 * 4H2O. ʻO ka huaʻōlelo turquoise mai Old French i ka 16th century a ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo "Turkish" no ka mea ua lawe mua ʻia ka mineral i ʻEulopa mai Turkey akā ua hele mua mai i nā mines turquoise ma Peresia, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo Iran i kēia lā. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Turquoise ma Kina a kaulana loa ka turquoise mai kēia mau wahi ʻelua i nā jewely i kēia lā. Makemake au i nā mea nani turquoise i hana ʻia e nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika, ʻoiai ua ʻaʻahu au i ka turquoise Kina.

ʻOkoʻa ka waihoʻoluʻu o ka turquoise mai ke keʻokeʻo a i ka polū pauka, i ka uliuli lani a mai ka uliuli-'ōmaʻomaʻo a i ka melemele-'ōmaʻomaʻo. Hāʻawi ʻia ka polū i ke keleawe idiochromatic a ʻo ka ʻōmaʻomaʻo i manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka hopena o nā haumia hao a i ʻole dehydration o ka gem. Hiki ke hoʻopili ʻia ʻo Turquoise me nā ʻāpana o ka pyrite a i ʻole i hoʻopili ʻia me ka ʻeleʻele, spidery limonite veining.

ʻO Turquoise kahi mineral lua mai ke keleawe mai. Hele mai ke keleawe mai ka chalcopyrite, malachite a i ʻole azurite.

ʻO ka alumini mai ka feldspar a me ka phosphorus mai ka apatite.

No laila, loaʻa mai ka turquoise mai kahi liʻiliʻi o kēia mau minerala a pau e hana ai i kona waiwai. He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō ke aniau i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka pōhaku turquoise e like me ka mea maʻamau e ʻike ʻia ma nā ʻāina maloʻo, hoʻopiha a hoʻopaʻa i nā lua a me nā haʻihaʻi i loko o ka pōhaku lua pele i hoʻololi ʻia. Hele mai ʻo Turquoise ma ke ʻano he vein a i ʻole ka hoʻopiha piha ʻana a me nā nuggets paʻa liʻiliʻi ka nui.

ʻO Turquoise kekahi o nā pōhaku mua i ʻeli ʻia ma ʻaneʻi ma U.S. Nui nā moʻolelo o ʻAmelika. Ua pau nā mines, akā ke hana nei kekahi i kēia lā. ʻO ka maʻamau ke hana ʻia nei lākou me ka lima ʻole me ka mīkini i kēia lā. ʻIke pinepine ʻia ka turquoise ma ke ʻano he huahana o nā hana eli keleawe nui ma ka US.

I kēia lā, ʻo Arizona ka mea hana nui loa o ka pōhaku turquoise ma ka waiwai. ʻO kekahi mau mines koʻikoʻi turquoise ma ka mokuʻāina ʻo Sleeping Beauty Mine ma Globe, Arizona a me Kingman Mine ma Kingman, Arizona. ʻO Nevada kahi mokuʻāina ʻē aʻe i hana nui i ka turquoise. Aia ma kahi o 120 mau mines i hana nui i ka turquoise. ʻO nā mea hana nui o ka turquoise ma Nevada ʻo Lander a me Esmeralda kalana.

Native Americans and Turquoise Jewelry Making Today, Native American Jewelry making, using the turquoise gem, ua wehewehe ʻia ʻo ia ka mea hoʻonani pilikino a me nā mea hana i hana ʻia e ka poʻe ʻōiwi o ka US. Hōʻike nā mea kala a me ka turquoise i ka ʻokoʻa moʻomeheu a me ka mōʻaukala o nā Native American Tribes ma ʻaneʻi ma U.S. Ke waiho nei ia, a hiki i kēia lā, he ʻōlelo nui o ka ʻohana a me ka ʻike pilikino i ka poʻe smithers kālā India, nā mea hana metala, nā beaders, nā kālai, a me nā lapidaries e hui pū i nā ʻano metala, nā pōhaku makamae a me nā mea waiwai ʻē aʻe e hana i nā mea nani. Hiki ke hana ʻia nā mea nani o ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa i kēia manawa mai nā pōhaku i kālai ʻia a hana ʻia a me nā pūpū a hiki i nā mea hana kamepiula a me ka titanium. Makemake au i nā ʻāpana kala a me nā ʻāpana kala i kālai ʻia e ka Navajo, Hopi a me Zuni e noho ana ma ke komohana hema o ʻAmelika.

Ua lawe ʻia ka hana kālā a me ka hana kālā e nā mea pena kiʻi komohana hema e hoʻomaka ana i ka makahiki 1850 i ka wā i kūʻai aku ai nā mea hana kālā Mekiko i kā lākou ʻike kālā no nā pipi mai nā Navajo Indians ma US. Ua aʻo ka poʻe Zuni India i ka hana kālā mai ka Navajo a ma ka makahiki 1890 ua aʻo ka Zuni i ka Hopi i ka hana ʻana i nā mea nani kālā.

Ua hoʻomaka ka poʻe Dine a i ʻole ka Navajo e hana kālā i ke kenekulia 19. I ka l853, ʻo Atsidi Sani ka mea hana kala Navajo mua a ua aʻo ʻo ia i kāna mau akamai mai kahi mea hana kālā Mekiko a ma 1880 ua ʻike ʻia ka turquoise mua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia i ke kālā. I ka neʻe ʻana o ka manawa, ua maʻalahi ka loaʻa ʻana o ka turquoise a hoʻohana ʻia i nā mea kālā kālā Navajo. I kēia lā, pili pili ʻia ka turquoise me ka hana ʻana i ke kala kala Navajo.

Ua hoʻolauna ʻia ka hana ʻana i nā mea waiwai kālā i ka poʻe ʻAmelika ʻo Zuni Pueblo i ke kenekulia 19. I kēia lā, ʻo ke kala kala a me ka turquoise i ka hana ʻana i nā mea nani e like me ka hoʻohana mau ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Zuni. Hoʻohana lākou i ka turquoise a me ka jet, argillite, steatite, red shale, freshwater clam shell, abalone a me spiny oyster i kā lākou hana mea nani.

Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo Kineshde, kahi mea hana kālā ʻo Zuni i ka hopena o ka makahiki 1890 no ka hui mua ʻana i ke kālā a me ka turquoise i kāna mau mea nani. Ua ʻike koke ʻia nā mea kūʻai aku ʻo Zuni no kā lākou hui hui turquoise.

ʻIke ʻia ka poʻe hana kālā ʻo Hopi Indian i kēia lā no kā lākou ʻenehana overlay i hoʻohana ʻia i nā hoʻolālā kālā. ʻO ka WWII Hopi Indian veterans, ma o ka US. 'Oihana Kalaiaina, a'o 'ia i ka 'oki'oki, ka wili 'ana a me ka po'i, die-stamping a me ke one ho'olele 'ana i nā ki'i Hopi i kāhiko 'ia no nā mea nani.

Ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Victor Coochwytewa, ʻo ia ka mea hoʻonaninani hou loa no ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka ʻenehana overlay i nā mea nani Hopi. Ua hoʻonohonoho ʻo Coochwytewa, me Paul Saufkie lāua ʻo Fred Kabotie, i ka Hui Hopi Silvercraft Cooperative Guild i loko o kā lākou Hopi Indian Tribe.

Kūkulu ʻia ka overlay me ʻelua ʻāpana o nā ʻāpana kālā. Hoʻokahi pepa i kālai ʻia ka hoʻolālā ma luna a laila wili ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻelua me nā kiʻi i ʻoki ʻia. Hoʻololi ʻia ke kua i ka pōʻeleʻele ma o ka oxidation a hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia ka papa luna ma kahi e ʻae ʻia ai ka papa o lalo o ke kālā e oxidize. Hana ʻia ka papa luna un-oxidized i kahi hoʻolālā i ʻoki ʻia, e hiki ai i ka papa lalo ʻeleʻele ke hōʻike mai. Laki loa wau i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi kūpeʻe lima kālā ʻo Hopi i hana ʻia me kēia uhi kālā a he nani hoʻi ka hana hopi Indian.

ʻO ka mea kupanaha, koe wale nō koʻu huakaʻi i Colorado i koʻu mau makahiki he 20, ʻaʻole au i hele i ke komohana hema e ʻimi i nā mea nani o ʻAmelika. Laki wau i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hale kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai kūʻai maoli ʻo Native American Indian Jewelry ma ʻaneʻi ma Naples. FL. ʻO nā ʻāpana hope loa aʻu i kūʻai ai mai kēia hale kūʻai ʻo Naples, no laila ʻaʻole pono wau e hele lōʻihi no ka hana maoli. ʻO ka luna hale kiʻi hale kiʻi ʻo Lisa Milburn, he mea kūʻai kaulana ʻo ia i nā ʻāpana mea kūʻai aku ma ke komohana hema o Navajo, Hopi, a me Zuni, a lawe mai iā mākou ma Naples. He hale kūʻai ʻē aʻe kāna ma Highlands, NC, pū kekahi. Inā hoihoi, hiki iā ʻoe ke kelepona iā ia ma:

ʻEto kala 651 Fifth Ave. Naples Hema, FL 239-403-3033 a i ʻole Pahu Leta ʻEto kālā 422 468 Main St.

Highlands, NC 28741 828-526-5190 Ua ʻike au i loko o nā makahiki, ua loaʻa i ka poʻe ʻAmelika ʻAmelika kahi "rap maikaʻi ʻole" a ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia lākou no nā casinos piliwaiwai a me nā pilikia ʻona a me nā lāʻau lapaʻau. Akā, ma kahi o ka hana ʻana i ke kala kala a me ka hana ʻana i nā mea nani turquoise, ʻo nā Native American Indians he haku akamai. Ua hoʻohana lākou i nā hola he nui e aʻo a hoʻomaikaʻi i kā lākou kālepa. A, kaulana nā ʻAmelika ʻAmelika no kā lākou hana ʻana i nā mea nani a nani. ʻO kā lākou hana mea nani e hōʻike ana i ka mea maikaʻi loa o lākou, kā lākou moʻomeheu a me nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe e hiki ai i kā mākou Native American Indians ke hoʻokō. E hoʻomaikaʻi ʻia lākou no kā lākou hana ʻana, ʻano kumu a me nā hola hoʻoikaika nui e hana ai i kā lākou hana nani. Manaʻo wau e hauʻoli ʻoe i ka turquoise a me nā mea kālā kālā e like me kaʻu, a i ka manawa like, loaʻa kahi mea hoʻomanaʻo nani i hana ʻia e ko mākou ʻāina ʻōiwi Hiki i nā loulou ma lalo ke kōkua iā ʻoe e hoʻomaka i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike a me ka hoʻomaka ʻana e kūʻai i kāu turquoise ponoʻī a nā mea kūʻai kālā i hana ʻia e nā ʻōiwi ʻAmelika.

Hōʻano hou:

Ua neʻe hou wau i Taos, New Mexico a aia wau i ka lani turquoise ma ʻaneʻi. ʻO ka pueblo Native Americans ma ʻaneʻi e hana i ke kālā nani a me ka turquoise i kāhiko ʻia o nā waihoʻoluʻu āpau i kā lākou mea nani ma ʻaneʻi. He nani. I kēia manawa, hiki iaʻu ke kipa aku i nā ʻohana ʻAmelika a me nā mea hana kala kala aʻu i ʻōlelo ai ma kēia ʻatikala. E ʻimi i nā ʻatikala hou aʻe e pili ana i kēia kumuhana.