Thola ubucwebe obuhle kakhulu be-Antique e-Dubai

Kunezinhlobo nezinhlobo eziningi ze-turquoise lapha e-U.S., lapho iningi layo limbiwa eningizimu-ntshonalanga - e-Arizona, eCalifornia, eColorado, eNew Mexico naseNevada. Futhi, kunezizwe ezimbalwa zaboMdabu baseMelika eziyisebenzisayo ekwenzeni ubucwebe babo besiliva - amaNdiya angamaNavajo, amaZuni, namaHopi angongoti ekwenzeni ubucwebe obuluhlaza obuluhlaza nobusiliva. Bafunda amakhono abo okushaya isiliva ezizweni zaboMdabu baseMexico lapho behweba ngezimvu nezinkomo zabo ukuze bathole iziyalezo zokushaya isiliva. Namuhla, aboMdabu baseMelika benza ubucwebe obuhle besiliva obumbelwe ngamagugu amahle aluhlaza, afunde ukuwenza kusukela ezizukulwaneni ezedlule.

I-Turquoise iyiminerali ekhanyayo, eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka ukuya koluhlaza eyi-hydrous pohosphate yethusi ne-aluminium. Ifomula yayo yamakhemikhali ithi CUAle(PO4)4(OH)8 * 4H2O. Igama elithi turquoise livela ku-Old French ngekhulu le-16 futhi lisho "isiTurkey" ngoba i-mineral yalethwa okokuqala eYurophu ivela eTurkey kodwa ivela ezimayini eziluhlaza ePheresiya, okuyi-Iran yanamuhla. I-turquoise ibuye imbiwe e-China futhi i-turquoise evela kuzo zombili lezi zindawo idume kakhulu ku-jewely namuhla. Ngivele ngithande ubucwebe obuluhlaza obenziwe aboMdabu baseMelika, nakuba ngike ngagqoka i-turquoise yesiShayina futhi.

Umbala we-turquoise uyahlukahluka ukusuka komhlophe ukuya koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okuyimpuphu, ukuya koluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka esibhakabhakeni kanye nokusuka koluhlaza sasibhakabhaka kuya koluhlaza okotshani. Okuluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka kubangelwa ithusi le-idiochromatic futhi okuluhlaza kukholakala ukuthi kuwumphumela wokungcola kwensimbi noma ukuphelelwa amanzi emzimbeni kwetshe eliyigugu. I-turquoise ingase ifakwe upelepele we-pyrite noma ihlanganiswe nomnyama, we-spidery limonite veining.

I-Turquoise iyiminerali yesibili evela ethusi. Ithusi livela ku-chalcopyrite, i-malachite noma i-azurite.

I-Aluminium ivela ku-feldspar kanti i-phosphorus ivela ku-apatite.

Ngakho-ke, i-turquoise iphuma kancane kancane kuwo wonke lawa maminerali ukuze enze into yawo. Isimo sezulu siphinde sibambe iqhaza elibalulekile ekwenzeni i-turquoise gem njengoba ijwayele ukutholakala ezindaweni ezomile, ukugcwalisa noma ukumboza imigodi kanye nokuqhekeka edwaleni lentaba-mlilo elishintshe kakhulu. I-Turquoise yenzeka njenge-vein noma i-seam fillings futhi njengama-compact nuggets ngokuvamile amancane ngosayizi.

I-Turquoise yayingelinye lamagugu okuqala okumbiwa lapha e-U.S. Abaningi baseU.S. izimayini seziphelile, kodwa ezinye zisasetshenzwa nanamuhla. Ngokuvamile zisasetshenzwa ngesandla ngaphandle kwemishini namuhla. Ngokuvamile i-turquoise itholakala njengomkhiqizo wezimayini ezinkulu zethusi e-U.S.

Namuhla, i-Arizona ingumkhiqizi obaluleke kakhulu we-turquoise gem ngenani. Izimayini ezimbalwa ezibalulekile ezikhiqiza i-turquoise esifundazweni yi-Sleeping Beauty Mine e-Globe, e-Arizona kanye ne-Kingman Mine e-Kingman, e-Arizona. I-Nevada ingesinye isimo esingumkhiqizi omkhulu we-turquoise. Kukhona cishe izimayini ezingu-120 ezikhiqize inani elikhulu le-turquoise. Abakhiqizi abakhulu be-turquoise e-Nevada yizifunda ze-Lander ne-Esmeralda.

Abantu BaseMelika Bomdabu kanye Nokwenza Ubucwebe Be-Turquoise Namuhla, ukwenza ubucwebe boMdabu baseMelika, kusetshenziswa igugu eliluhlaza, kuchazwa njengokuhloba komuntu siqu kanye nezinsiza ezenziwe abantu bomdabu base-U.S. Ubucwebe besiliva kanye ne-turquoise bubonisa ukuhlukahluka kwamasiko nomlando wezizwe zoMdabu waseMelika lapha e-U.S. Kuhlala, ngisho nanamuhla, isitatimende esikhulu sobunikazi bezizwe kanye nomuntu ngamunye kuma-Indian silver smithers, abakhandi bensimbi, ama-beaders, abaqophi, kanye nama-lapidaries ahlanganisa izinhlobonhlobo zezinsimbi, amatshe ayigugu ayigugu nama-semi-precious kanye nezinye izinto zokwakha ubucwebe. Ubucwebe be-Contemporary Native American bungenziwa kusukela kumatshe namagobolondo agaywe ngesandla futhi acutshungulwe kuye kobucwebe bekhompyutha kanye ne-titanium. Ngincamela izingcezu ze-turquoise nezesiliva ezenziwe ngezandla ezenziwe ngezandla ezenziwe ngama-Navajo, amaHopi namaZuni ahlala eningizimu-ntshonalanga ye-U.S.

Ukusebenza kwesiliva nesiliva kwamukelwa amaciko omdabu aseningizimu-ntshonalanga kusukela ngawo-1850s lapho abakhandi besiliva baseMexico kwakudingeka bahwebe ngolwazi lwabo lomsebenzi wesiliva ngezinkomo kumaNdiya angamaNavajo e-U.S. AmaNdiya angamaZuni afunda ukwenza isiliva kumaNavajo futhi ngo-1890 amaZuni ayesefundise amaHopi ukwenza ubucwebe besiliva.

Abantu baseDine noma amaNavajo baqala ukusebenza ngesiliva ngekhulu le-19. Ngo-l853, u-Atsidi Sani wayengumkhandi wesiliva wokuqala wamaNavajo futhi wafunda amakhono akhe kumkhandi wesiliva waseMexico kwathi ngo-1880 i-turquoise yokuqala yaziwa ukuthi ifakwe ngesiliva. Njengoba isikhathi siqhubeka, i-turquoise yaqala ukutholakala kalula futhi yasetshenziswa kubucwebe besiliva baseNavajo. Namuhla, i-turquoise ihlotshaniswa eduze nokwenza ubucwebe besiliva be-Navajo.

Ukwenza ubucwebe besiliva kwethulwa kubantu baseMelika bomdabu baseZuni Pueblo ngekhulu le-19. Namuhla, isiliva smithing kanye ne-turquoise ekwenzeni ubucwebe njengoba bekulokhu kusetshenziswa esifundeni saseZuni. Basebenzisa i-turquoise kanye ne-jet, i-argillite, i-steatite, i-red shale, i-freshwater clam shell, i-abalone kanye ne-spiny oyster ekwenzeni kwabo ubucwebe.

UKineshde, umkhandi wesiliva waseZuni ngasekupheleni kwawo-1890 unikezwa udumo ngokuhlanganisa isiliva ne-turquoise ebucwebeni bakhe. Ngokushesha abenzi bobucwebe baseZuni baduma ngamaqoqo abo aluhlaza.

Abakhandi besiliva base-Hopi Indian baziwa namuhla ngesu labo lokumbondela elisetshenziswa emiklamo yobucwebe besiliva. I-WWII Hopi Indian Veterans, ngokusebenzisa i-U.S. Umnyango Wezangaphakathi, wafunda ukusika, ukugaya nokupholishwa, ukugxiviza kanye nokusakazwa kwesihlabathi kwemiklamo yesitayela ye-Hopi yobucwebe.

U-Victor Coochwytewa, uqashelwa njengobucwebe obusha kakhulu bokushintsha indlela yokumbondela nobucwebe be-Hopi. U-Coochwytewa, kanye no-Paul Saufkie kanye no-Fred Kabotie, bahlele i-Hopi Silvercraft Cooperative Guild yasekuqaleni phakathi kwesizwe sabo sama-Hopi Indian.

Imbondela yakhiwe ngezingqimba ezimbili zamashidi esiliva. Ishidi elilodwa linomklamo oqoshwe kulo bese lishiselwa eshidini lesibili ngamadizayini asikiwe. Ingemuva lenziwa libe mnyama nge-oxidation futhi ungqimba olungaphezulu luyapholishwa lapho ungqimba olungaphansi lwesiliva luvunyelwe ukwenza i-oxid. Isendlalelo esiphezulu esingenawo oxidized senziwa umklamo osikiwe, ovumela ungqimba olumnyama olungezansi ukuthi lubonakale. Nginenhlanhla yokuba nesongo se-Hopi cuff esisiliva esenziwe ngale mbondela eyisiliva futhi iwubuciko obuhle be-Hopi Indian.

Ngokumangalisayo, ngaphandle kohambo lwami lwaseColorado lapho ngisanda kweva eminyakeni engu-20, angizange ngiye eningizimu-ntshonalanga ngiyofuna ubucwebe boMdabu baseMelika. Nginenhlanhla yokuba nesitolo sangempela sobucwebe boMdabu baseMelika baseMelika khona lapha eNaples. FL. Izingcezu ezimbalwa zokugcina engizithengile bezivela kulesi sitolo saseNaples, ngakho-ke akudingekanga ngihambe kude ukuze ngithole idili langempela. Umphathi wegalari, u-Lisa Milburn, ungumthengi onedumela elihle lomdabu wase-Navajo, amaHopi, nezingcezu zobucwebe zomdabu zaseZuni, futhi usilethela bona lapha eNaples. Unesinye isitolo eHighlands, NC, naso. Uma unentshisekelo, ungamthinta ku:

I-Silver Eagle 651 Fifth Ave. I-South Naples, FL 239-403-3033 noma I-Silver Eagle PO Box 422 468 Main St.

Highlands, NC 28741 828-526-5190 Ngiyazi ukuthi phakathi neminyaka edlule, aboMdabu baseMelika bathole "i-rap embi" futhi banqanyulwe amalungelo ngenxa yamakhasino okugembula kanye nezinkinga zotshwala nezidakamizwa. Kodwa, endaweni yokwenza isiliva smithing nokwenza ubucwebe obuluhlaza, amaNdiya aseMelika aseMelika angongcweti kwezobuciko. Bachithe amahora amaningi befunda futhi becija umsebenzi wabo. Futhi, amaNdiya aseMelika aseMelika adume ngokwenza ubucwebe obuhle nobudala. Ukwenza kwabo ubucwebe kumelela okuhle kakhulu kubo, isiko labo kanye nokuphakama okukhulu okungafinyelelwa amaNdiya ethu oMdabu aseMelika. Kufanele zinconywe ngobuhlakani bazo, imvelaphi kanye namahora anzima namahora awathathayo ukwenza izinto ezidaliwe ezinhle. Ngithemba ukuthi uzojabulela ubucwebe obuluhlaza kanye nesiliva njengoba nginakho, futhi ngasikhathi sinye, ube nesikhumbuzo esihle esenziwe izwe lakithi lendabuko Izixhumanisi ezingezansi zingakusiza ukuthi uqalise ekutholeni ulwazi nasekuqaleni ukuzithengela eyakho i-turquoise futhi ubucwebe besiliva obakhiwe amaNdiya aseMelika aseMelika.

Buyekeza:

Ngisanda kuthuthela eTaos, eNew Mexico futhi ngisezulwini eliluhlaza lapha. AboMdabu baseMelika basepueblo lapha benza isiliva elihle ne-turquoise ehlotshisiwe yayo yonke imibala kubucwebe babo lapha. Yinhle. Manje, sengingakwazi ukuvakashela izizwe zoMdabu waseMelika kanye nabakhandi besiliva abathile engibalula kulesi sihloko. Bheka izindatshana ezengeziwe ngalesi sihloko.