Kungani Imilaza Yenzela Okuqukethwe Kwezemfundo Okuthakazelisayo

Iminyaka eyinkulungwane, abantu bebegqolozele esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, behlanganisa amachashazi ezinkanyezi ukuze kube amaphethini axoxa izindaba, amaka izinkathi zonyaka, futhi aqondise abahloli bamazwe. Imilazaizimo ezicatshangelwayo ezakhiwe ngokushefa kwezinkanyezi zasebenza njengamabalazwe asezulwini, ukulandisa kwezinganekwane, namathuluzi esayensi. Namuhla, basalokhu beyinsiza yemfundo ekhangayo, behlanganisa iziyalo kusukela kusayensi yezinkanyezi kuye ezifundweni zamasiko, izinganekwane kuye kwizibalo. Isikhalo sabo esingaphelelwa isikhathi sisekhonweni labo lokuvusa ilukuluku, ukukhuthaza ukufunda kwezinhlanga ezahlukene, nokuxhumanisa abafundi namagugu ahlanganyelwe isintu.

I-Universal Allure of Constellations

Imilaza yayingomunye wemizamo yokuqala yesintu yokubeka ukuhleleka esibhakabhakeni esinesiphithiphithi sasebusuku. Kudala ngaphambi kwezibonakude noma amasathelayithi, imiphakathi yasendulo yayisebenzisa la maphethini ezinkanyezi ukuze ihambe, ilandelele isikhathi, futhi ichaze izenzakalo zemvelo. Abantu baseGibhithe lasendulo babehlanganisa imibhoshongo nezinkanyezi zase-Orion, kuyilapho amatilosi asePolynesia ayesebenzisa imilaza efana neSiphambano SaseNingizimu ukuze awele iPacific. Ngisho nanamuhla, i-Big Dipper ne-Orion zisalokhu ziyinto evamile kwababuka izinkanyezi emhlabeni wonke, okugqamisa ukukhanga kwendawo yonke kanye nokufinyeleleka kwesayensi yezinkanyezi.

Okwenza imilaza iphoqelele ikakhulukazi ubunjalo bayo obumbaxambili: kokubili kungokwesayensi nokucabangela. Nakuba izazi zezinkanyezi zizisebenzisa ukuze zihlukanise isibhakabhaka sibe yizifunda ezilawulekayo, ziphinde zithwale isisindo sezinganekwane namasiko. Ngokwesibonelo, umlaza iScorpius uye wahlotshaniswa nofezela owabulala umzingeli u-Orion enganekwaneni yamaGreki, kodwa ngezinkanyezi zaseShayina, wakha ingxenye ye-Azure Dragon, uphawu lwamandla noguquko. Lokhu okubili kumema ukuhlola kuyo yonke imikhakha, okuhlanganisa ukubonwa okunohlonze nokuxoxa indaba ngobuciko.

Izinkanyezi Njengesango Lesayensi Yezinkanyezi

Kothisha, imilaza iyindawo ekahle yokuqala yokufundisa isayensi yezinkanyezi. Banikeza indlela ephathekayo yokwethula imiqondo eyinkimbinkimbi efana nezixhumanisi zesibhakabhaka, imijikelezo yokuphila kwezinkanyezi, nobukhulu besikhala. Ngokufunda ukuhlonza imilaza, abafundi bathola ulwazi oluyisisekelo lwesibhakabhaka ebusuku, okuhlanganisa ukuthi ukuzungeza komhlaba nokuzungeza kwawo kudala kanjani izinguquko zesizini ezinkanyezini ezibonakalayo.

Cabangela i-Orion, elinye lamaqoqo ezinkanyezi aphawuleka kakhulu, elibhande layo elivelele lezinkanyezi ezintathu lingaholela ezingxoxweni mayelana nokwakheka kwezinkanyezi ngaphakathi kwama-nebula, njenge-Orion Nebula. Othisha bangasebenzisa i-Orion ukuchaza ubukhulu obubonakalayo (isizathu esenza ezinye izinkanyezi zikhanye kakhulu kunezinye) kanye ne-parallax (indlela izazi zezinkanyezi ezikala ngayo amabanga ezinkanyezi eziseduze). Ngokufanayo, umlaza i-Ursa Major, equkethe i-Big Dipper, inikeza isifundo esiwusizo ekutholeni i-Polaris, iNkanyezi YaseNyakatho, ngokwelula umugqa ocatshangelwayo ngezinkanyezi zayo ezikhombayo. Lezi zivivinyo zishintsha imiqondo engabonakali ibe amathuba okufunda ngezandla.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imilaza isiza ekunciphiseni ubukhulu bendawo yonke. Nakuba izinkanyezi phakathi komlaza zibonakala zisondelene ukusuka eMhlabeni, zivame ukulala ezindaweni ezihlukene kakhulu. Lendida ikhuthaza ukucabanga okujulile mayelana nombono kanye nesakhiwo sendawo esinezinhlangothi ezintathu. Izinhlelo zokusebenza nesofthiwe ye-planetarium, njenge-Stellarium noma i-Google Sky, ivumela abafundi ukuthi babone ngeso lengqondo lawa mabanga ngokushintshashintshayo, kujulise ukuqonda kwabo kwe-cosmic geography.

Inganekwane Nezindaba Zamasiko Ezibhalwe Ezinkanyezini

Ngalé kwesayensi, imilaza ivula iminyango ku-tapestry ecebile yezinganekwane zomuntu nomlando wamasiko. Yonke impucuko iye yahlanganisa ukulandisa kwayo ezinkanyezini, okubonisa izindinganiso, ukwesaba, kanye nezifiso. Ezinganekwaneni zamaGreki, umlaza u-Perseus ukhumbula iqhawe elahlenga u-Andromeda esilwaneni sasolwandle, kuyilapho abantu baseNavajo baseNyakatho Melika behlobanisa iphethini yenkanyezi efanayo neyokuQala Encane Encane, isibalo esingokomoya esixhumene nokulinganisela nokuzwana.

Ukuhlola lezi zindaba kukhuthaza ukufunda kwamasiko kanye nozwela. Abafundi bangaqhathanisa ukuthi imiphakathi ehlukene ihumusha kanjani amaphethini enkanyezi efanayo, isibonelo, i-constellation Cancer (I-Crab) inokubaluleka kuzo zombili izinganekwane zamaGreki mayelana noHercules kanye nokubhula ngezinkanyezi kwamaShayina njengophawu lwenhlanhla. Ngokuphambene, bangahlola imilaza eyingqayizivele engekho emasikweni aseNtshonalanga, njenge-Emu in the Sky of Australian Aboriginal astronomy, eyakhiwa ama-nebula amnyama kunezinkanyezi ezikhanyayo. Lo mehluko uphonsela inselelo umbono we-Eurocentric wesayensi yezinkanyezi futhi ugqamisa ukuhlukahluka komcabango womuntu.

I-Mythology iphinde inikeze isisekelo sokubhala ngobuciko kanye namaphrojekthi wobuciko. Abafundi bangase basungule imilaza yabo, bakhe izindaba ezichaza imvelaphi yabo, noma badale kabusha amamephu ezinkanyezi asendulo besebenzisa izimpawu zendabuko. Imisebenzi enjalo ihlanganisa i-STEM nabantu, ithuthukise amakhono okuhlaziya nawobuciko.

Imilaza njengamathuluzi okuzulazula kanye nokugcina isikhathi

Ngaphambi kwe-GPS namawashi awayindwayo, imilaza yayibalulekile ukuze sisinde. Abalimi basendulo babesebenzisa i-heliacal rise of Sirius (ukuvela kwayo okokuqala esibhakabhakeni sokusa) ukuze babikezele izikhukhula zaminyaka yonke zeNayile, kuyilapho abantu basePolynesia babehamba izinkulungwane zamakhilomitha olwandle oluvulekile ngokubamba ngekhanda izindlela zezinkanyezi. Ukufundisa lezi zinqubo kunikeza imininingwane ngobuhlakani bemiphakathi yangaphambi kwezimboni kanye nokusetshenziswa okungokoqobo kwesayensi yezinkanyezi.

Ekilasini, abafundi bangakwazi ukuphindaphinda amasu amadala okuzulazula besebenzisa amashadi enkanyezi kanye ne-sextant (noma ama-analogues enziwe lula) ukuze balinganise i-engeli ye-Polaris ngaphezu komkhathizwe, inquma i-latitude. Lo msebenzi uxhuma umlando, igeography, nezibalo, okubonisa ukuthi iziyalo ze-STEM zihlangana kanjani ekuxazululeni izinkinga zomhlaba wangempela. Ngokunjalo, izingxoxo mayelana nezinkanyezi zezinkanyezi13 eziseduze kwe-ecliptic (indlela ebonakala ilanga) zingaholela ezifundweni mayelana ne-Earth axial tilt, i-precession of equinox, kanye nomehluko phakathi kokubhula ngezinkanyezi ne-astronomy.

Ukugcina isikhathi kungenye i-engeli ephoqelelayo. Usuku lwamahora angu-24 kanye nonyaka wezinyanga ezingu-12 lusekelwe emijikelezweni yasezulwini, futhi imilaza efana ne-Pleiades (Odade Abayisikhombisa) imake izinguquko zesizini kumasiko wonke. Ngokwesibonelo, amaMaori aseNew Zealand aqala unyaka wawo omusha lapho iPleiades iphakama ngaphambi nje kokuntwela kokusa ngasekupheleni kukaMeyi noma ekuqaleni kukaJuni. Ngokufunda la masiko, abafundi bayaqaphela ukuthi isayensi yezinkanyezi yayilolonge kanjani imiphakathi yabantu kudala ngaphambi kwenkathi yanamuhla.

Imilaza Yezincwadi, Ubuciko, Namasiko Adumile

Ithonya lezinkanyezi lidlulela ngalé kwesayensi nomlando; zigcwele ezincwadini, kwezobuciko nasemithonjeni yezindaba. U-Shakespeare ubhekisele kubathandi abanqamula inkanyezi be-Romeo noJuliet, kuyilapho u-Van Goghs ezungeza i-Starry Night enza amazulu angafi ngendwangu. Amafilimu esimanje afana I-Moana bungaza ukuzulazula kwenkanyezi yasePolynesia, futhi amanoveli ezinganekwane zesayensi ngokuvamile asebenzisa imilaza njengengemuva lohambo lwezinkanyezi.

Ukufaka lezi zithenjwa emfundweni kungenza amaqoqo ezinkanyezi azizwe efanelekile ezimpilweni zabafundi. Ikilasi lezincwadi lingase lihlaziye ukuthi inkondlo ka-Emily Dickinsons ethi The Star isebenzisa kanjani izithombe zasezulwini ukuze ihlole izingqikithi zokuzihlukanisa, kuyilapho izifundo zemidiya zingahlola ukuthi iHollywood iveza kanjani imilaza kumafilimu anjengama. INkosana Encane noma Guardians of the Galaxy . Abafundi bezobuciko bangase bazenzele awabo amamephu ezinkanyezi akhuthazwe amashadi enkathi ephakathi noma e-Renaissance, axube umlando nobuciko.

Lokhu kuxoxisana kwemibono kukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi babone ukuxhumana phakathi kwemikhakha ebonakala ihlukene. Ngokwesibonelo, ingxoxo kaDantes Amahlaya Aphezulu eyenza indawo yonke ibe yindilinga yasezulwini ingahlobanisa isayensi yezinkanyezi nemfundiso yenkolo nefilosofi, ibonise indlela imibono yomhlaba ekulolonga ngayo ukuqonda kwesayensi.

Ukubandakanya Abafundi Ngokufunda Ngezandla

Enye yamandla amakhulu ezinkanyezi njengamathuluzi okufundisa amandla awo okufunda okunolwazi. Ngokungafani nezibalo ezingabonakali noma imidwebo yezincwadi, imilaza imema abafundi ukuthi babuke, bahlole, futhi bahlanganyele nomhlaba obazungezile.

Amaphrojekthi okubuka izinkanyezi, njengokuhlela okubonwa ebusuku usebenzisa izibonakude noma izibonakude nezinhlelo zokusebenza ezifana ne-SkySafari noma i-Night Sky, angasiza abafundi bakhombe imilaza ngesikhathi sangempela. Ngisho nasezindaweni zasemadolobheni ezinokungcola okukhanyayo, uhambo oluya epaki elibhakabhaka elimnyama lungaguqula imiqondo engabonakali ibe isipiliyoni esibambekayo.

Amashadi enkanyezi ka-DIY, lapho abafundi behlela khona imilaza ephepheni noma ngesofthiwe, baqinisa ukucabanga kwendawo futhi bafundise mayelana nezinhlelo zokuxhumanisa. Izabelo zocwaningo lwamasiko, njengokucela abafundi ukuthi bacwaninge ngokubaluleka kwemilaza kusiko elithile futhi bethule abakutholile ngezindatshana, amaphosta, noma izethulo zedijithali, zithuthukisa ukufunda nokubhala kwamasiko. Izaziso zokubhala ngobuciko, njengezinselele zokusungula inganekwane echaza umsuka womlaza owaziwa kancane noma cabanga kabusha indaba yakudala esimweni sesimanje, hlanganisa umlando nobuchule.

Izinselelo ze-STEM, njengokwakha imodeli yeqoqo lezinkanyezi kusuka ezintweni ezikhanyayo-ekumnyama noma ukuhlela irobhothi ukuthi lizulazule lisebenzisa amaphethini ezinkanyezi, libhekelele izitayela zokufunda ezihlukene futhi ligcizelele ukubambisana, njengoba abafundi besebenza ngamaqembu. Le misebenzi ibonisa ukuthi iziyalo ze-STEM zihlangana kanjani ekuxazululeni izinkinga zomhlaba wangempela.

Imilaza kanye nekilasi lesimanjemanje

Esikhathini esibuswa ubuchwepheshe, amaqoqo ezinkanyezi ahlala esebenza ngokumangalisayo. Banikeza indlela engabizi kakhulu, enomthelela ophezulu yokubandakanya abafundi ngezifundo ze-STEM. Isibonelo, isofthiwe ye-NASAs Eyes on the Solar System ivumela abasebenzisi ukuthi bahlole isibhakabhaka ebusuku kunoma iyiphi indawo emlandweni, kuyilapho amaphrojekthi esayensi yezakhamizi njengeZooniverse amema abafundi ukuthi bahlukanise izinkanyezi noma bathole imilaza emisha.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, imilaza ingavusa izingxoxo ngezindaba zangaleso sikhathi. Inkulumo-mpikiswano ngamalungelo okuqamba amagama emkhathini ubani oqanjwa izinto zasezulwini igqamisa ukubandakanywa kwamasiko kwisayensi. Ngokufanayo, umthelela wokungcoliswa kokukhanya ekhonweni lethu lokubona izinkanyezi zibophezela emfundweni yezemvelo, ukukhuthaza abafundi ukuthi bamelele izinqubo zokukhanyisa ezisimeme.

Kubafundi abancane, izinkanyezi zinikeza isisekelo sokucabanga okujulile. Ukubona amaphethini, imibuzo ecatshangwayo (isib. Ingabe izinkanyezi emlaza zakha umumo ngempela?), kanye nokuhlukanisa phakathi kwamaqiniso esayensi nenganekwane kungamakhono abalulekile. Phakathi naleso sikhathi, abafundi abathuthukile bangase bahlole ukuthi imilaza isetshenziswa kanjani ku-astrophysics yesimanje, njengokulandelela ukunyakaza kwemithala okuhlobene ne-Milky Way.

Ifa Elihlala Likhona Lezindaba Zenkanyezi

Imilaza iyakhuthazela njengokuqukethwe kokufundisa ngoba ikhuluma ngezici ezimbili ezibalulekile zemvelo yomuntu: isifiso sethu sokuqonda indawo yonke kanye nesidingo sethu sokuxoxa izindaba. Zisikhumbuza ukuthi isayensi nemicabango akukona okuphambene kodwa kuyizindlela ezihambisanayo zokuhlola okungaziwa. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ufunda i-physics ye-supernovae kumlaza we-Cassiopeia noma ukuxoxa kabusha indaba yokuhlengwa kwe-Andromedas ngu-Perseus, abafundi bazibandakanya nemibono ethathe isintu izinkulungwane zeminyaka.

Njengoba silungiselela abafundi ikusasa elibunjwe ubuchwepheshe nokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, imilaza inikeza umbono oyisisekelo. Zifundisa ukuthobeka lapho sibhekene nobukhulu bendawo yonke futhi zisenza simangale ngekhono lethu lokuchaza izimfihlo zayo. Emakilasini nasezindlini zamaplanethi, emagcekeni nasezindlini zokusebenzela, izinkanyezi zihlala ziwulimi oluvamile oludlula imingcele nezinkathi.

Isiphetho

Kusukela kumatilosi asendulo kuya kosomkhathi besimanje, imilaza iqondise uhambo lwesintu phakathi nesikhathi nendawo. Ukuguquguquka kwabo njengamathuluzi okufundisa kulele emandleni abo okuhlanganisa isayensi, isiko, umlando, kanye nobuciko kube ukulandisa okuhlangene, okubandakanyayo. Ngokufundisa imilaza, othisha benza okungaphezu kokuhlanganyela amaqiniso ngezinkanyezi; bahlakulela ilukuluku, ukucabanga okujulile, nomuzwa wokumangala. Ezweni eliya ngokuya linqanyulwa emhlabeni wemvelo, izinkanyezi zisikhumbuza ngefa lethu esabelana ngalo kanye namathuba angapheli. Ngakho-ke ngokuzayo uma ubheka esibhakabhakeni ebusuku, khumbula: lawo machashazi acwayizayo angaphezulu nje kwezinkanyezitheyre amasango olwazi, ubuhlakani, nokuxhumana.