Mutuwar Farauta tana Rayar da Ƙwaƙwalwar Arziƙi da Aka Rasa akan Fatin Azurfa

An samu hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Yana gudana kamar kashi 13 cikin 1970 a cikin 1970s, kamar barawon da ke barazanar sace dukiyar dangin da mahaifinsa, HL, ya samu a wuraren mai na Gabashin Texas.

Akwai Mu'ammar Kaddafi da ma'aikatan mai na Amurka wadanda suka hada kai da shi. Lokacin da Hunt da 'yan uwansa William Herbert da Lamar suka ki biyan Kaddafi rabin abin da suka samu daga rijiyoyin mai na Libya, kamar yadda masu fafatawa suka yi, kawai Qaddafi ya kwace kadada miliyan 8 na farauta.

Akwai 'yan gurguzu, masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu goyon bayan kasar jin dadi. Idan hauhawar farashin kaya ba ta kwace masa biliyoyinsa ba, mai haraji zai yi.

Amsar ita ce azurfa. Isasshen azurfa don yin shinge da hauhawar farashin kaya. Isasshen zama mai wadata duk da Qaddafi da Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida, in ji Tim Knight, marubucin tsoro, wadata da ci gaba: Ƙarni na Biyar na Tarihi da Kasuwanni (2014).

Azurfa a gare shi ba makircin fantsama ba ne, in ji Knight a wata hira. Hunt yana da ra'ayin duniya mai ban tsoro kuma yana da ma'ana a gare shi ya tara azurfa ya rataye ta. Ya kasance mumini na gaskiya.

Hunt ya mutu Oktoba. 21 yana da shekaru 88 na ciwon zuciya bayan fama da ciwon daji da dementia, a cewar The Dallas Morning News.

Lokacin da ya fara siyan azurfa tare da ’yan uwansa a shekarar 1973, ya kai dala 2 oza kuma babban mabukaci shi ne Eastman Kodak Co., wanda ya yi amfani da shi wajen yin fim.

Kafin farauta ta wuce, shekaru bakwai bayan haka, sun tara sama da oza miliyan 200, farashin ya yi tashin gwauron zabi dala 45, kuma masu mulki suna shirin daukar matakai don tabbatar da cewa babu abin da Nelson Bunker Hunt ya yi ba zai sake faruwa ba.

Hunts sun motsa farashin azurfa a duniya, in ji Thomas O. Gorman, abokin tarayya a Dorsey & Whitney LLP a Washington wacce ta yi nasarar gurfanar da Hunts don magudin kasuwa.

Yawancin 'yan kasuwa suna saya da sayar da takarda. Ana isar da ainihin kayan da takardar ke wakilta ga wani. Hunt ya so azurfar. Ya yi hayar jirage guda uku na jet 707 don jigilar karfen zuwa rumfunan ajiya a Switzerland kuma ya dauki hayar kaboyi masu kaifi guda goma sha biyu don samar da tsaro, a cewar Knight.

A ƙarshen 1970s, Hunts suna tara azurfa da yawa suna buƙatar masu maye da za su saya musu, in ji George Gero, wanda ya yi cinikin ƙarfe a buɗaɗɗen ramin kukan da ke New York na bankin zuba jari Drexel Burnham Lambert.

Babban mai siyan Nelson Bunker Hunt shine Conti Commodities, kuma lokacin da muka ga dillalin Conti yana zuwa ramin, ya auri duk sun sayi azurfa, suna kara farashin, in ji Gero, yanzu mataimakin shugaban kasa, makomar duniya, ga kasuwannin RBC Capital a New York. .

A cikin shekarun 1970s farashin ya tashi a hankali, a hankali. Sa'an nan, a cikin 1979, da sauri. Azurfa ta fara shekara kusan dala 6 oza kuma ta ƙare shekaran akan fiye da dala 32.

Kowa ya shiga kasuwa. Kakata sun sayar da kayan yankan iyali. Barayi suna yin kayan ado na azurfa suna narka shi.

Ya yi muni sosai har Tiffany & Co., mai siyar da kayan adon na New York, ya sayi wani talla a cikin New York Times wanda ya ce, Muna tsammanin ba shi da hankali ga kowa ya tara biliyan da yawa, i biliyan, dala dala na azurfa kuma ta haka ya sa farashin ya hauhawa har wasu. dole ne a biya farashi mai yawa na kayan da aka yi da azurfa daga cokali na jarirai zuwa kayan shayi, da kuma fim ɗin hoto da sauran kayayyaki.

A ranar Jan. 7, 1980, don mayar da martani ga matsayin Hunts, Comex da Hukumar Kasuwancin Chicago sun sanya dokokin gaggawa waɗanda suka haɗa da buƙatun gefe mafi girma.

Sun karya hawan ne ta hanyar haramta siyan azurfa, in ji Knight, wanda ke bulogin yanar gizo a slopeofhope.com. Za a karɓi odar cirewa kawai. Kusan laifin da suka aikata.

Farashin azurfa ya kai dala 49.45 oza a wancan watan. Ya zuwa Maris 18, ya kasance $16.60.

Hunt ya yi tafiya zuwa Faransa sannan Saudi Arabiya da tunanin siyar da lamuni da ke samun goyon bayan tarin azurfarsa. Mujallar Time ta fada a lokacin cewa, Hunts na kokarin sayar da azurfa ba tare da sayar da azurfa ba.

Sai kiran gefe ya shigo.

Dole ne 'yan kasuwa su rufe farensu kowace rana. Idan ba za su iya ba, dole ne su fara sayarwa. Waɗannan su ne ƙa'idodin musayar.

Ranar 27 ga Maris, 1980 - abin da aka fi sani da azurfa Alhamis - Comex ya tambayi Bache Group, dillalin Hunts, akan dala miliyan 134. 'Yan'uwan Hunt uku suna da dala biliyan 4.5 a cikin kuɗin azurfa, dala biliyan 3.5 na riba mai tsafta, in ji Knight. Amma ba su da dala miliyan 134.

Wani kuskuren gudanarwa shine dalilin, a cewar Jeffrey Christian, wanda dan jarida ne a Makon Metals a lokacin. Mutum daya tilo da zai iya ba da izinin canja wurin kudaden don biyan kiran gefe shi ne Bunker Hunt, kuma ya kasance a kasashen waje kuma ba a iya isa gare shi, in ji Christian.

Bache ba shi da hurumin yin komai sai dai ya karya matsayin, in ji Christian, wanda a yanzu ke jagorantar abokin tarayya a CPM Group LLC, wani kamfanin bincike da tuntubar kayayyaki da ke New York. Duk abin da Hunt ya yi shi ne yin kiran waya.

Farashin azurfa ya ragu a ranar zuwa dala 10.80 oza daya daga $15.70.

Mafarauta sun sanya hayar mai da iskar gas, kadarori, hayar kwal, kayan tarihi, har da Mercedes da Rolex, kuma sun rasa su duka, a cewar Kurt Eichenwalds Serpent on the Rock (2005).

U.S. 12 Bankunan, rassan Amurka na bankuna hudu na kasashen waje da gidajen dillalai guda biyar sun samar wa farautar farautar azurfa fiye da dala miliyan 800 - kwatankwacin kusan kashi 10 cikin 100 na duk wani rancen banki a kasar a cikin watanni biyu da suka gabata, William Greider ya rubuta. a cikin Asirin Haikali (1987). Lamunin kuma ya haɗa da azurfa, wanda farashinsa ke faɗuwa.

Abin da ya fi muni, Hunts sun sayi kwangiloli na gaba akan oz miliyan 19 na azurfa tare da isar da saƙo a ranar Litinin mai zuwa, 31 ga Maris, Greider ya rubuta. Mai sayarwa yana neman kuɗinsa. Idan bai samu ba, farashin azurfa zai sake faduwa, yana jawo masu ba da lamuni na dala miliyan 800 da ita, in ji Greider.

Lamuni na dala biliyan 1.1 daga rukunin bankuna, wanda Shugaban Reserve na Tarayya Paul Volcker ya albarkace shi duk da tsayin daka da ya yi na adawa da bada lamuni yayin da hauhawar farashin kayayyaki ya karu, ya dakatar da zubar da jini, in ji Greider.

Kwanaki shida a ƙarshen Maris 1980 ya bayyana ga jami'an gwamnati, Wall Street da jama'a gabaɗaya cewa gazawar iyali ɗaya kan wajibcin sa a cikin kasuwar azurfar da ke faɗuwa na iya kawo cikas ga Amurka. tsarin kudi, in ji 1982 U.S. Rahoton Hukumar Securities and Exchange.

A cikin karuwar shekaru bakwai na farashin azurfa, wani kamfani na Peruvian ya ci amanar farashin zai faɗi. Ta kai karar Bunker Hunt da Herbert Hunt saboda magudin kasuwa.

Daga karshe dai shari’ar ta zo kotu a shekarar 1988. An dauki watanni shida ana shari'ar, in ji Gorman, lauyan kamfanonin Peruvian. Farauta sun yi asara.

Na tuna sun cika da mamaki, sun firgita, in ji Gorman.

Hukuncin dalar Amurka miliyan 180 da aka yi musu ya sanya Hunts cikin fatara. Duk Bunker Hunt ya bari daga biliyoyin sa sun kasance 'yan miliyan kaɗan, dawakin tseren tsere da kuma lissafin harajin dala miliyan 90 da za a biya a cikin shekaru 15, in ji Knight.

Bunker ba zai taba magana da ni ba, in ji Gorman. Ya ce karo na karshe da ya ga Hunt ya kasance a wani gidan cin abinci na Dallas. Bayan sunci abincin rana a tables daban suka isa elevators lokaci guda. Gorman ya ce ya rike kofar, amma Hunt ya nace Gorman ya shigo da farko, sannan ya ki shiga tare da shi ya kuma tada hancin lauyan yayin da kofofin suka rufe.

Shari'ar da ake yi da Hunts ita ce mafi mahimmancin shari'ar magudi da aka taɓa gwadawa, Jeffrey C. Williams, mashaidi wanda ya ba da shaida a madadin farauta, ya rubuta a cikin tarihin shari'ar, Manipulation on Trial (1995).

Ba su taɓa ƙoƙarin yin kusurwar kasuwar ba, in ji Kirista. Sun sayi azurfa da yawa. Sun saka hannun jari, a babbar hanya, hanya mara kyau. Corning ba cikakken bayanin ba ne.

Bayan haka, Hukumar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci ta amince da sabbin iyakoki kan mukaman da masu hasashe za su iya tarawa.

Hunt ya rayu tsawon karni kwata bayan wulakancinsa. An hana shi cinikin kayayyaki. Kamfanin mahaifinsa, Hunt Oil Co., wanda aka haife shi a filayen mai na Gabashin Texas a lokacin Babban Mawuyacin hali, ya tsira. Dan uwansa Herbert ya sake zama hamshakin attajiri, yana saka hannun jari a Arewacin Dakota mai.

An yi canje-canjen ƙa'ida bayan harin Hunts, kuma sune gadon farauta, in ji David Kovel, lauya a Kirby McInerney LLP na New York ƙwararre kan kayayyaki.

CFTC, a cikin watan Nuwamba 2013 shawara don iyakance adadin kwangilar da dan kasuwa guda zai iya rikewa a fadin kasuwanni daban-daban, ya buga cinikin azurfa na Hunts a matsayin misali na dalilin da ya sa irin wannan iyaka ya zama dole.

A yanzu ana ganin musanya a matsayin wurare masu aminci ba tare da haɗarin tsarin kamar yadda ake sayar da su ba, in ji Kovel a cikin imel.