Ukuzingela Ukufa Kuvuselela Inkumbulo Yenhlanhla Elahlekile Ekubhejelweni Kwesiliva

Kwakukhona ukwehla kwamandla emali. Yayikhuphuka ifike kumaphesenti angu-13 ngawo-1970, njengesela elisongela ukweba ingcebo yomkhaya eyatholwa uyise, u-H.L., ezindaweni zikawoyela e-East Texas.

Kwakukhona u-Muammar Qaddafi namadoda kawoyela aseMelika ayesebenzisana naye. Ngenkathi uHunt nabafowabo uWilliam Herbert kanye noLamar benqaba ukukhokhela uQaddafi ingxenye yeholo labo emasimini kawoyela aseLibya, njengoba kwenza izimbangi zabo, uQaddafi wayevele ehlwithe abakwaHunts amahektha ayizigidi eziyisi-8.

Kwakukhona amakhomanisi, ama-liberals, abasekeli bombuso wezenhlalakahle. Uma ukwehla kwamandla emali bekungamphuci izigidigidi zakhe, umkhokhi wentela ubezokwenza.

Impendulo yayiyisiliva. Isiliva elanele ukuvimba ukwehla kwamandla emali. Ukwanele ukuhlala ecebile nakuba uQaddafi kanye ne-Internal Revenue Service, kusho uTim Knight, umbhali wePanic, Prosperity and Progress: Five Centuries of History and Markets (2014).

Isiliva kuye bekungelona uhlelo lokumpompa nokulahla, kusho uKnight engxoxweni. U-Hunt wayenombono womhlaba odidekile futhi kwaba nengqondo kuye ukuthi aqongelele isiliva abambelele kulo. Wayeyikholwa leqiniso.

U-Hunt wafa ngo-Okthoba. 21 eneminyaka engu-88 yokumelwa yinhliziyo ngemva kokulwa isikhathi eside nomdlavuza nokuwohloka komqondo, ngokusho kwe-Dallas Morning News.

Lapho eqala ukuthenga isiliva nabafowabo ngo-1973, kubiza u-$2 iounce kanti umthengi omkhulu kwakuyi-Eastman Kodak Co., eyayiyisebenzisela ukwenza ifilimu.

Ngaphambi kokuthi ama-Hunts aqede, eminyakeni eyisikhombisa kamuva, aqoqa ama-ounces angaphezu kwezigidi ezingu-200, intengo yayikhuphuka idlula u-$45 iounce futhi abalawuli babelungiselela ukuthatha izinyathelo zokuqinisekisa ukuthi akukho lutho olufana nokwenziwe uNelson Bunker Hunt oluzophinde lwenzeke.

AbakwaHunts bahambise intengo yesiliva emhlabeni wonke, kusho uThomas O. UGorman, uzakwethu eDorsey & UWhitney LLP eWashington owamangalela ngempumelelo abakwaHunts ngokukhohlisa imakethe.

Abadayisi abaningi bathenga futhi badayise amaphepha. Izinto zangempela ezimelelwe yilelo phepha zihanjiswa komunye umuntu. UHunt wayefuna isiliva. Uqashe izindiza ezintathu ze-707 jet ukuthi zithuthe insimbi ezindlini zokugcina izimpahla eSwitzerland futhi waqasha ishumi nambili labafana bezinkomo abadubulayo ukuze banikeze ezokuphepha, ngokusho kukaKnight.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yawo-1970, abaHunt babeqongelela isiliva eliningi kangangokuthi badinga abantu abathile ukuba babathengele yona, kusho uGeorge Gero, owayehweba ngensimbi e-Commodity Exchange Inc.s umgodi wokukhala ovulekile eNew York ukuze uthole ibhange lokutshala izimali iDrexel Burnham Lambert.

Umthengi oyinhloko kaNelson Bunker Hunt kwakuyi-Conti Commodities, futhi lapho sibona umthengisi we-Conti eza emgodini, sashada sonke sathenga isiliva, sinyusa intengo, kusho uGero, manje oseyiphini likamongameli, ikusasa lomhlaba, we-RBC Capital Markets eNew York. .

Ngawo-1970 intengo yenyuka kancane, kancane kancane. Khona-ke, ngo-1979, ngokushesha. Isiliva liqale unyaka cishe ngama- $6 i-ounce futhi yaphetha unyaka ngemali engaphezu kuka-$32.

Wonke umuntu wangena kwezohwebo. Ogogo badayisa izitsha zomndeni. Amasela ayezuza ngobucwebe besiliva futhi ewuncibilikisa.

Kwaba kubi kakhulu ukuthi uTiffany & I-Co., umakhi wobucwebe ozinze eNew York, uthenge isikhangiso kuyi-New York Times esasithi, Sicabanga ukuthi kuwukungaqondi ukuthi noma ubani aqoqe izinkulungwane zezigidi zezigidi zesiliva, yebo, amadola ayizigidigidi, ngaleyo ndlela akhuphule inani kangangokuthi abanye kufanele akhokhe amanani entengo aphakeme ngokuzenzisa ezindabeni ezenziwe ngesiliva kusukela ezinkezeni zezingane kuya kumasethi etiye, kanye nefilimu yezithombe neminye imikhiqizo.

NgoJan. 7, 1980, ekuphenduleni isikhundla se-Hunts, u-Comex kanye ne-Chicago Board of Trade babeka imithetho yezimo eziphuthumayo ehlanganisa nezidingo eziphezulu ze-margin.

Baphule umqansa ngokukwenqabela ukuthengwa kwesiliva, kusho u-Knight, obhuloga ku-slopeofhope.com. Ama-oda okuvalwa kuphela azokwamukelwa. Cishe kuwubugebengu lokhu abakwenzile.

Intengo yesiliva ifinyelele phezulu ku-$49.45 iwunsi kuleyo nyanga. NgoMashi 18, yayingu-$16.60.

U-Hunt waya e-France nase-Saudi Arabia ngomqondo wokuthengisa amabhondi asekelwa i-hoard yakhe yesiliva. Iphephabhuku i-Time lathi ngaleso sikhathi abakwaHunts babezama ukudayisa isiliva ngaphandle kokudayisa isiliva.

Kwabe sekufika i-margin call.

Abadayisi bekufanele bafake ukubheja kwabo nsuku zonke. Uma bengakwazi, kwakufanele baqale ukudayisa. Leyo kwakuyimithetho yokuhwebelana.

Mhla zingama-27 kuNdasa, 1980 -- okwakwaziwa ngokuthi ngoLwesine olusiliva -- uComex wacela iBache Group, umthengisi wakwaHunts, ngamaRandi ayizigidi eziyi-134. Izelamani ezintathu zakwaHunt zinemali eyizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-4.5 zamaRandi, amaRandi ayizigidi eziyizinkulungwane ezingama-3.5 ayo inzuzo emsulwa, kusho uKnight. Kodwa bebengenayo i-$134 million.

Inkinga yokuphatha kwaba yisizathu, ngokusho kukaJeffrey Christian, owayeyintatheli eMetals Week ngaleso sikhathi. Okuwukuphela komuntu owayengagunyaza ukudluliswa kwemali ukuze akhokhele ucingo lwe-margin kwakungu-Bunker Hunt, futhi wayephesheya kwezilwandle futhi engafinyeleleki, kusho uChristian.

U-Bache akazange enze lutho ngaphandle kokuvala lesi sikhundla, kusho uChristian, manje osephethe uzakwethu e-CPM Group LLC, inkampani yocwaningo lwezimpahla ezinze eNew York. Okwakumele akwenze uHunt kwakuwukushaya ucingo.

Intengo yesiliva yehla ngalolo suku yaya ku-$10.80 iounce isuka ku-$15.70.

AbakwaHunt babefake izivumelwano zokuqashisa ngowoyela negesi, izindlu, ukuqashisa amalahle, izinto zakudala, ngisho neMercedes neRolex, futhi balahlekelwa yikho konke, ngokusho kukaKurt Eichenwalds Serpent on the Rock (2005).

Ishumi nambili i-U.S. Amabhange, amagatsha aseMelika amabhange amane angaphandle kanye nezindlu ezinhlanu zabathengi zinikeze abakwaHunts imali yokuthenga isiliva engaphezu kuka-$800 wezigidi -- okulingana cishe namaphesenti ayishumi ayo yonke imali ebolekwe ngamabhange ezweni ezinyangeni ezimbili ezedlule, kubhala uWilliam Greider. kwethi Izimfihlo Zethempeli (1987). Isibambiso sasihlanganisa nesiliva, ontengo yalo laliyehla.

Okwenza izinto zibe zimbi kakhulu, abakwaHunts babethenge izinkontileka zesikhathi esizayo ngama-ounces esiliva ayizigidi eziyi-19 kanti ukulethwa kuhlelelwe uMsombuluko olandelayo, Mashi 31, kubhala uGreider. Umdayisi ubefuna imali yakhe. Uma engayitholi, intengo yesiliva izokwehla futhi, idonsele ababolekisi bezigidi ezingama- $ 800 phansi nayo, kusho uGreider.

Imali ebolekiwe engu-$1.1 billion evela eqenjini lamabhange, ebusiswe nguSihlalo weFederal Reserve uPaul Volcker naphezu kokuma kwakhe okuqinile ngokumelene nokubolekwa okuqagelayo njengoba ukwehla kwamandla emali kukhuphuka, kunqande ukopha, kusho uGreider.

Izinsuku eziyisithupha ngasekupheleni kuka-March 1980 kwabonakala ezikhulwini zikahulumeni, eWall Street nasemphakathini wonkana ukuthi ukwehluleka komkhaya owodwa ezibophweni zawo emakethe yesiliva ewohlokayo kungase kuyiphazamise ngokungathi sína i-U.S. isimiso sezimali, kusho i-U.S. Umbiko we-Securities and Exchange Commission.

Ngesikhathi sokunyuka kwamanani esiliva iminyaka eyisikhombisa, inkampani yasePeruvia yayibheje ukuthi intengo izokwehla. Imangalele u-Bunker Hunt no-Herbert Hunt ngokukhohlisa imakethe.

Icala lagcina lingenile enkantolo ngo-1988. Icala lithathe izinyanga eziyisithupha, kusho uGorman, ummeli wezinkampani zasePeruvia. AbakwaHunts bahluliwe.

Ngikhumbula bemangele, beshaqekile ngokuphelele, kusho uGorman.

Isahlulelo samaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-180 ngokumelene nabo senza abaHunts bangena ebhange. Konke uBunker Hunt ayekushiyile ezinkulungwaneni zezigidigidi zakhe kwakuyizigidi ezimbalwa, isitebele samahhashi omjaho kanye nesikweletu sentela esingamaRandi ayizigidi ezingu-90 esasizokhokhwa esikhathini esiyiminyaka engu-15, kusho u-Knight.

UBunker akasoze akhuluma nami, kusho uGorman. Uthe egcina ukubona uHunt endaweni yokudlela eDallas. Ngemva kokudla ukudla kwasemini ematafuleni ahlukene, bafika kanye kanye emakheshini. UGorman uthe ubambe isicabha, kodwa uHunt waphikelela ukuthi uGorman angene kuqala, wabe esenqaba ukungena naye wavala ikhala lakhe kummeli ngesikhathi izicabha zivuleka.

Icala elibhekene nabakwaHunts kwakuyicala lokukhohlisa elibaluleke kakhulu elake laqulwa, uJeffrey C. UWilliams, ufakazi owafakaza egameni labaZingeli, wabhala encwadini yakhe yezindaba zaleli cala, iManipulation on Trial (1995).

Abakaze bazame ukuvimba imakethe, kusho uChristian. Bathenga isiliva eliningi. Batshala, ngendlela enkulu, ngendlela ewubudlabha. Ikhona akuyona incazelo enembile.

Ngemva kwalokho, i-Commodity Futures Trading Commission yamukela imingcele emisha ezikhundleni abaqageli abangaziqongelela.

U-Hunt waphila ikhulunyaka lesine ngemva kokuthotshiswa kwakhe. Wavinjelwa ekuhwebeni. Inkampani kayise, i-Hunt Oil Co., eyazalelwa ezindaweni zikawoyela e-East Texas ngesikhathi se-Great Depression, yasinda. Umfowabo uHerbert waba usozigidi futhi, etshala imali kuwoyela we-shale waseNyakatho Dakota.

Izinguquko zomthetho zenziwa ngemuva kokuhlasela kweHunts, kanye nefa labakwaHunts, kusho uDavid Kovel, ummeli wakwaKirby McInerney LLP ozinze eNew York osebenza ngokukhethekileyo ngempahla.

I-CFTC, esiphakamisweni sikaNovemba 2013 sokukhawulela inani lezinkontileka umthengisi oyedwa angazibamba kuzo zonke izimakethe ezahlukahlukene, icaphune ukuhweba ngesiliva kwe-Hunts njengesibonelo sokuthi kungani imikhawulo enjalo idingeka.

Ukuhwebelana manje sekubonwa njengezindawo eziphephe ngokufanelekile ezingenabo ubungozi besistimu njengemakethe ethengiswayo, kusho u-Kovel ku-imeyili.