Ukuzingela Ukufa Kuvuselela Inkumbulo Yethamsanqa Elilahlekileyo kuBhejo lweSilivere

Kwakukho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Yayibaleka yaya kutsho kwi-13 ekhulwini ngeminyaka yee-1970, njengesela eligrogrisa ngokuba ubutyebi bentsapho obufunyenwe nguyise, u-H.L., kumasimi eoli e-East Texas.

Kwakukho uMuammar Qaddafi kunye namadoda eoli aseMelika awayesebenzisana naye. Xa uHunt kunye nabakhuluwa bakhe uWilliam Herbert noLamar bengazange bavume ukuhlawula uQaddafi isiqingatha somvuzo wabo kumasimi eoli waseLibya, njengoko babekhuphisana nabo, uQaddafi wayevele wayihlutha iHunts i-8 yezigidi zeehektare.

Kwakukho amakomanisi, iinkululeko, abaxhasi bentlalontle. Ukuba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso bekungamhluthanga iibhiliyoni zakhe, umntu werhafu ebeya kwenza njalo.

Impendulo yaba yisilivere. Isilivere eyaneleyo yokuthintela ukunyuka kwamaxabiso. Kwanele ukuba uhlale ucebile nangona uQaddafi kunye neNkonzo yeNgeniso yangaphakathi, watsho uTim Knight, umbhali we-Panic, Prosperity and Progress: Iinkulungwane ezintlanu zeMbali kunye neeMakethi (2014).

Isilivere kuye yayingesoskimu sokumpompa kunye nokulahla, utshilo uKnight kudliwanondlebe. U-Hunt wayenembono yehlabathi ye-paranoid kwaye yayinengqondo kuye ukuba aqokelele isilivere kwaye abambelele kuyo. Wayelikholwa lokwenene.

UHunt wasweleka ngo-Oct. 21 kwiminyaka engama-88 yokungaphumeleli kwentliziyo emva kwedabi elide kunye nomhlaza kunye nesifo sengqondo esixhalabisayo, ngokutsho kweDallas Morning News.

Xa eqala ukuthenga isilivere kunye nabazalwana bakhe kwi-1973, yayixabisa i-$ 2 i-ounce kwaye umthengi omkhulu wayeyi-Eastman Kodak Co., eyayisetyenziselwa ukwenza ifilimu.

Ngaphambi kokuba i-Hunts igqitywe, kwiminyaka esixhenxe kamva, baqokelela ngaphezulu kwe-200 yezigidi zee-ounces, ixabiso lalinyuka lidlula i-45 yeedola i-ounce kwaye abalawuli babelungiselela ukuthatha amanyathelo okuqinisekisa ukuba akukho nto ifana nento eyenziwa nguNelson Bunker Hunt eya kuphinda yenzeke.

Abazingeli bahambise ixabiso lesilivere kwihlabathi jikelele, utshilo uThomas O. UGorman, iqabane eDorsey & UWhitney LLP eWashington owamangalela ngempumelelo iHunts ngokurhwaphiliza imarike.

Uninzi lwabarhwebi bathenga kwaye bathengise iphepha. Ezona zinto zimelwe lelo phepha zisiwa komnye umntu. UHunt wayefuna isilivere. Waqesha iinqwelomoya ezintathu ze-jet ezingama-707 ukuba zirhuqe isinyithi kwiindawo zokugcina iimpahla eSwitzerland kwaye waqesha ishumi elinesibini lama-cowboys adubulayo ukuba abonelele ngokhuseleko, ngokutsho kweKnight.

Ngasekupheleni kweminyaka yoo-1970, abaZingeli babeqokelela isilivere eninzi kangangokuba babefuna abantu abaza kubathengela yona, utshilo uGeorge Gero, owayerhweba ngentsimbi kwindawo yokukhalaza evulekileyo eNew York kwibhanki yotyalo-mali iDrexel Burnham Lambert.

Oyena mthengi uphambili kaNelson Bunker Hunt yayiyiConti Commodities, kwaye xa sabona umthengisi weConti esiza emhadini, satshata sonke sathenga isilivere, sinyusa ixabiso, utshilo uGero, ngoku usekela mongameli, ikamva lehlabathi, kwiRBC Capital Markets eNew York. .

Ngeminyaka yoo-1970 ixabiso lenyuka kancinci, ngokuthe ngcembe. Kwandula ke, ngowe-1979, ngokukhawuleza. Isilivere iqale unyaka malunga ne-6 yeedola enye kwaye yaphela unyaka ngaphezulu kwe-32 yeedola.

Wonke umntu wangenela urhwebo. Oomakhulu bathengisa izixhobo ezisetyenziswa yintsapho. Amasela ayesenza izacholo zesilivere aze azinyibilikise.

Kwaba kubi kakhulu ukuba uTiffany & I-Co., i-New York, i-juweler yaseNew York, yathenga intengiso kwi-New York Times eyayisithi, Sicinga ukuba akukho ngqiqweni ukuba nabani na aqokelele iibhiliyoni zeebhiliyoni, ewe, iidola zesilivere ezixabisa iidola aze ngaloo ndlela anyuse ixabiso liphakame kangangokuba abanye. kufuneka ahlawule amaxabiso aphezulu ngokungekho mthethweni kumanqaku enziwe ngesilivere ukusuka kumacephe omntwana ukuya kwiiseti zeti, kunye nefilimu yeefoto kunye nezinye iimveliso.

NgoJan. Ngomhla we-7, i-1980, ekuphenduleni isikhundla se-Hunts, i-Comex kunye neBhodi yezoRhwebo yaseChicago yamisela imithetho engxamisekileyo equka iimfuno eziphezulu zomda.

Baye bawaphula ngokusemthethweni ukuthengwa kwesilivere, utshilo u-Knight, obhala kwi-slopeofhope.com. Kuphela ziiodolo zokuvalwa kwezimali eziya kwamkelwa. Iphantse yaba bubugebenga into abayenzileyo.

Ixabiso lesilivere lifike phezulu kwi-49.45 yeedola nge-ounce ngaloo nyanga. Ngomhla we-18 kaMatshi, yayiyi-16.60 yeedola.

UHunt waya eFransi emva koko eSaudi Arabia enombono wokuthengisa iibhondi ezixhaswa yihoard yakhe yesilivere. Iphephancwadi iTime lathi ngelo xesha abaHunts babezama ukuthengisa isilivere ngaphandle kokuthengisa isilivere.

Emva koko kwafika i-margin call.

Abarhwebi kwakufuneka bahlawule ukubheja kwabo yonke imihla. Ukuba babengakwazi, kwakufuneka baqalise ukuthengisa. Leyo yayiyimithetho yotshintshiselwano.

Ngomhla wama-27 kuMatshi ngo-1980 -- into eyaziwa ngokuba yisilivere ngoLwesine-- uComex wabuza iBache Group, i-Hunts broker, nge-134 yezigidi zeedola. Aba bazalwana abathathu bakaHunt babene-4.5 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi kwimpahla yesilivere, i-$ 3.5 yezigidigidi zayo inzuzo ecocekileyo, utshilo uKnight. Kodwa babengenayo i-134 yezigidi zeedola.

Ingxaki yolawulo yayisisizathu, ngokutsho kukaJeffrey Christian, owayeyintatheli kwiVeki yeeMetals ngelo xesha. Ekuphela komntu owayenokugunyazisa ukudluliselwa kwemali ukuhlawula umnxeba wemali yayinguBunker Hunt, kwaye wayephesheya kolwandle kwaye engafikeleleki, utshilo uChristian.

U-Bache wayengenabulumko bokwenza nantoni na ngaphandle kokuvala isikhundla, utshilo uChristian, ngoku olawulayo kwi-CPM Group LLC, inkampani yophando kunye nenkampani yokubonisana esekwe eNew York. Ekuphela kwento ekwakufuneka ayenze uHunt kukufowuna.

Ixabiso lesilivere lehla ngaloo mini ukuya kwi-10.80 yeedola nge-ounce ukusuka kwi-15.70 yeedola.

Abazingeli babeke iimali zokuqeshisa i-oyile negesi, izindlu nomhlaba, ukuqeshisa kwamalahle, izinto zakudala, kwanoMercedes kunye neRolex, kwaye baphulukana nazo zonke, ngokutsho kukaKurt Eichenwalds Serpent on the Rock (2005).

Ishumi elinesibini laseU.S. Iibhanki, amasebe aseMelika eebhanki zangaphandle ezine kunye nezindlu ezintlanu zokuthengisa zibonelele ishishini lokuthenga ngesilivere eHunts ngaphezulu kwe-800 yezigidi zeedola--elingana ne-10 lepesenti yazo zonke iibhanki ezibolekwayo kweli lizwe kwiinyanga ezimbini ezidlulileyo, uWilliam Greider wabhala. kwincwadi ethi Iimfihlo zeTempile (1987). Isibambiso sasiquka isilivere, exabiso layo laya lihla.

Ukwenza izinto zibe mbi ngakumbi, abaHunts bathenge izivumelwano zexesha elizayo kwi-19 yezigidi zee-ounces zesilivere kunye nokuhanjiswa okucwangciselwe ngoMvulo olandelayo, nge-31 kaMatshi, uGreider wabhala. Umthengisi wayefuna imali yakhe. Ukuba akayifumananga, ixabiso lesilivere liza kuhla kwakhona, lirhuqe ababolekisi be-800 yezigidi zeedola ezantsi nayo, utshilo uGreider.

I-1.1 yeebhiliyoni zeerandi mboleko evela kwiqela leebhanki, isikelelwe nguSihlalo weFederal Reserve uPaul Volcker ngaphandle kokuma eqinile ngokuchasene nokuboleka imali eqikelelwayo njengoko ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kunyuke, kunqande ukopha, utshilo uGreider.

Kangangeentsuku ezintandathu ngasekupheleni kukaMatshi 1980 kwabonakala kumagosa karhulumente, eWall Street nakuluntu ngokubanzi ukuba ukusilela kosapho olunye kwiimbophelelo zalo kwimarike yesilivere ewohlokayo kunokuphazamisa ngokunzulu iU.S. inkqubo yemali, yatsho ngowe-1982 iU.S. Ingxelo yeKomishoni yoKhuseleko kunye noTshintshiselwano.

Ngexesha lokunyuka kwamaxabiso esilivere ngeminyaka esixhenxe, inkampani yasePeru yayibheje ukuba ixabiso laliza kuhla. Yamangalela uBunker Hunt kunye noHerbert Hunt ngokulawula imarike.

Ekugqibeleni eli tyala lavela enkundleni ngowe-1988. Ityala lithathe iinyanga ezintandathu, utshilo uGorman, igqwetha lenkampani yasePeruvia. IiHunts zaphulukana.

Ndikhumbula bemangalisiwe ngokupheleleyo, bothukile ngokupheleleyo, utshilo uGorman.

Isigwebo se-180 lezigidi zeedola ngokuchasene nabo satyhalela i-Hunts ekubhengeni. Yonke i-Bunker Hunt yayishiye kwiibhiliyoni zayo yayizizigidi ezimbalwa, isitali samahashe omdyarho kunye ne-90 yezigidi zeedola zerhafu ekufuneka ihlawulwe kwisithuba seminyaka eyi-15, utshilo uKnight.

UBunker akasoze athethe nam, utshilo uGorman. Uthe ukugqibela kwakhe ukubona uHunt wayekwivenkile yokutyela yaseDallas. Emva kokuba betye isidlo sasemini kwiitafile ezahlukeneyo, bafika kwi-elevator ngaxeshanye. UGorman uthe walubamba ucango, kodwa uHunt wanyanzelisa ukuba uGorman angene kuqala, emva koko wala ukungena naye kwaye wabethelela impumlo yakhe kwigqwetha njengoko iingcango zazityileka.

Ityala elichasene neHunts yayilelona tyala libalulekileyo lokukhohlisa elakhe lazama, uJeffrey C. UWilliams, ingqina elinike ubungqina egameni le-Hunts, wabhala kwingxelo yakhe yetyala, i-Manipulation on Trial (1995).

Abazange bazame ukujika imakethi, utshilo uChristian. Bathenga isilivere eninzi. Batyala imali, ngendlela enkulu, ngendlela engenamsebenzi. Ikona asiyonkcazelo echanekileyo.

Emva koko, iCommodity Futures Trading Commission yamkele imida emitsha kwizikhundla ezinokufunyanwa ngabaxeli.

UHunt waphila ikota yenkulungwane emva kokuthotywa kwakhe. Wavalwa kwimpahla yorhwebo. Inkampani yootata bakhe, iHunt Oil Co., eyazalelwa kumasimi e-oyile e-East Texas ngexesha loxinzelelo olukhulu, yasinda. Umntakwabo Herbert waba yibhiliyoni kwakhona, etyala imali kwi-oyile ye-shale yaseNyakatho Dakota.

Utshintsho lwemithetho lwenziwa emva kokuzingela, kunye nelifa leHunts, utshilo uDavid Kovel, igqwetha laseKirby McInerney LLP eliseNew York elisebenza ngokukhethekileyo kwiimveliso.

I-CFTC, ngoNovemba ka-2013 isindululo sokunciphisa inani leemvumelwano umthengisi omnye unokubamba kwiimarike ezahlukeneyo, ukhankanya urhwebo lwesilivere lweHunts njengomzekelo wokuba kutheni imida enjalo iyimfuneko.

Utshintshiselwano ngoku lubonwa njengeendawo ezikhuseleke ngokufanelekileyo ngaphandle komngcipheko wenkqubo njengemarike ye-over-the-counter, utshilo u-Kovel kwi-imeyile.