Nā kaʻa a me nā metala, metala a me nā kaʻa

ʻOiaʻiʻo, loaʻa iā ʻoe kou mau noho ʻili, nā kīʻaha kīʻaha, nā kaila a me nā puka makani i hana ʻia me ke aniani palekana. Akā ʻo ka hapa nui o ka mea e neʻe ai ke kaʻa a pale iā ʻoe i kou wā e hōʻeha ai i ke alaloa he metala. ʻO ka hao ka mea maʻamau i loko o ke kaʻa. Ma kahi o 55% o ke kaumaha o ke kaʻa mai ke kila, e like me ka World Steel Association. I ka makahiki 2007, he 2,400 paona kila i loko o ke kaʻa maʻamau, a he 3,000 paona o ka metala ka awelika kaʻa māmā a SUV paha. ʻO GM wale nō ke kūʻai aku i 7 miliona mau tona kila nona iho a no ke kūʻai hou ʻana i kāna mau mea hoʻolako i kēlā me kēia makahiki. ʻAmelika. I ka makahiki 2007, ʻo ka awelika kaumaha o kahi kaʻa hou ma U.S. he 4,144 paona, he 8% wale nō o ke kaumaha o ke kaʻa e pili ana i ka alumini. Eia nō naʻe, 327 paona ka nui o nā miliona o nā kaʻa i kūʻai ʻia ma ʻAmelika wale nō. ʻO kēlā me kēia makahiki e hana i kahi mākeke maikaʻi. ʻO ka London Metal Exchange nā hiʻohiʻona 7% o ka hoʻohana keleawe i ka ʻoihana halihali, akā ʻo ka nui o ka metala i loko o kāu kaʻa he paʻakikī ke ʻike. Ua ʻike mākou ua hoʻohana nui ʻia ka platinum, palladium a me ka rhodium i kēlā me kēia makahiki. nā mea hoʻololi catalytic. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, hoʻohana ʻia ka 60% o ka platinum i ka ʻoihana kaʻa, ʻoiai he liʻiliʻi ka nui o kēlā me kēia kaʻa - ma kahi o 1 a 1.5 grams - a e liʻiliʻi paha, ʻoiai e hoʻolaha ana nā hui kaʻa i nā catalysts hou e hōʻemi i ka nui o ka ʻO nā metala makamae i hoʻohana ʻia i kā lākou kaʻina hana. ʻAʻole manaʻo ka poʻe loiloi he hopena nui ia i ka wā pōkole no ka mea e loaʻa ke kaʻa ma Iapana wale nō. Ma waho aʻe o kēia, ʻaʻole loaʻa kēia mau hoʻolaha i kahi kaʻina hana e hoʻokomo koke ʻia i ka hana. Ua hoʻolaha ʻo Mazda i kahi catalyst like i ʻOkakopa i manaʻo ʻia ua hiki ke hōʻemi i ka hoʻohana metala makamae e 70-90%. Akā i kēia manawa, ʻaʻohe hōʻailona e hoʻohana nui ʻia ana.)Akā e kali, ʻoi aku ka nui. Hoʻohana ʻia ke kēpau i loko o nā pila. Hoʻohana ʻia ka tin i nā mea kūʻai aku, a he hana ka zinc i ka galvanizing metala, e kōkua ana i ka pale ʻana i kāu kaʻa mai nā kumu. Hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Cobalt i loko o nā ʻeke air a ma ke ʻano he mea hoʻohui i nā ʻano mea like ʻole e hiki ke komo i loko a i ʻole i kāu kaʻa. Inā hoʻokele ʻoe i kahi hybrid, loaʻa iā ʻoe ka cobalt i loko o kāu mau pila - e like me ka 2.5 kg inā loaʻa iā ʻoe kahi Prius. ʻO nā helu ʻOkakopa no U.S. Ua pōʻino nā kūʻai kaʻa - iho 32% mai ʻOkakopa 2007. ʻO nā mea hana ʻekolu ʻekolu, ʻo GM ka mea paʻakikī loa, ʻike i kāna kūʻai ʻana i hāʻule 45%. ʻAʻole i mālama ʻia ʻo Ford a me Chrysler, me ka hāʻule ʻana o ke kūʻai ʻana he 30% a me 35%, kēlā me kēia. Ua hāʻule ʻo Iceland i kahi hāʻule he 86% a ua hāʻule ʻo Ireland i 55%. ʻAe, ʻaʻole ʻo Iceland ka mea hoʻoikaika i ka noi kaʻa, akā ʻaʻole hiki iā ʻoe ke haʻalele i nā helu e like me ia.J.D. Manaʻo ʻo Power and Associates i ka huina o nā kūʻai kaʻa māmā hou ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. e hāʻule i 13.6 miliona mau ʻāpana i ka makahiki 2008, a laila i 13.2 miliona mau ʻāpana i ka makahiki 2009. Ke manaʻo nei ʻo ʻEulopa i ka emi ʻana o 3.1% no 2008. Ke ulu nei ka mākeke kaʻa o Kina, akā, e like me ke koena o ka hoʻokele waiwai o Kina, ke lohi nei ka ulu ʻana. J.D. Manaʻo ka mana he 8.9 miliona mau ʻāpana e kūʻai ʻia i ka makahiki 2008 - he 9.7% ka hoʻonui maikaʻi ʻia ma mua o nā helu o 2007. Hoʻohanohano a hiki i ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana me ka 2007 o ka ulu ʻana o 24.1%. A me ka hilinaʻi o ka mea kūʻai aku e hoʻomau i ka hāʻule, a me ka wā e hiki mai ana o nā hui e like me GM i kānalua, ʻaʻole ia e like me ke kūʻai ʻana o ke kaʻa i kekahi manawa koke. no nā mea hoʻopukapuka waiwai, ʻo ia ke ʻano o ka leveraged o nā kumukūʻai kūʻai like ʻole i ka noi kaʻa. Inā hoʻopuka nā mea hana kaʻa i ka 10% a i ʻole 20% ka liʻiliʻi o nā kaʻa i ka makahiki aʻe, ʻo wai nā mākeke e hōʻeha i ka ʻino loa? Ma luna o ka papa inoa - alumini. I ka makahiki 2005, ʻo ka hapakolu piha o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka alumini ma ʻAmelika ʻĀkau i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻoihana kaʻa - ʻo ia ka 8,683 miliona paona alumini. Ua pau ka 20% o ka alumini i ka pahu a me ka pahu, a ua komo ka 14% o ka alumini i ka hale a me ke kūkulu ʻana. ʻO ka 10-20% ka ho'ēmiʻana o ka noi e pili ana i ka hapakolu piha o ka mākeke alumini he mea nui loa ia i ka metala. ʻO Platinum kekahi metala'ē aʻe i hiki ke paʻi nuiʻia e ka hāʻuleʻana o ka noi ma muli o ke kūʻaiʻana i nā kaʻa haʻahaʻa a me ka hoʻoweliweli hou o nā ʻenehana hou e hiki ke hoʻemi i ka nui o ka metala e pono ai i kēlā me kēia kaʻa. Inā haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa nā kumukūʻai, ʻike paha mākou i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kūʻai aku ʻana i nā mea nani - ʻo ia wale nō ka mea hoʻokele koi nui o ka platinum. Akā, i ka wā o ka ho'ēmi waiwai, ʻaʻole paha mākou e ʻike i ka lele nui ʻana o ke koi no ka bling. Pehea ke kila? Ma ke ʻano he mea nui o nā kaʻa āpau ma ke alanui, manaʻo ʻoe ua pilikia ke kila - akā ʻaʻole paha. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, ʻoiai he ʻoihana koʻikoʻi ia, hōʻike nā kaʻa i kahi hapa liʻiliʻi o ka mākeke no ke kila. ʻO nā waiwai keʻokeʻo, nā alahaka, nā pā, nā hale a me ka lehulehu o nā ʻoihana ʻē aʻe e hoʻohana i ke kila. Ma 2007, 1,343.5 miliona metric tons o ke kila i hana ʻia ma ka honua, e like me ka International Iron and Steel Institute. ʻO ia ka GM o 7 miliona tona kūʻai makahiki e like me ka hāʻule wale i loko o ka bākeke. ʻO ke kala kala? Hiki i nā kumu kūʻai metala haʻahaʻa ke ʻano he mālama kālā nui no nā mea hana kaʻa inā ua paʻa kā lākou mau mea i kēia manawa no ke kūkākūkā ʻana. Aia kekahi mau hōʻike e hoʻomaka ana nā mea hana kaʻa ma India e ʻike i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ko lākou mau palena i ka wā e hoʻomaka ai lākou e hoʻohana i nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa. Hoʻokahi pilikia liʻiliʻi - pono lākou e kūʻai maoli i nā kaʻa i mea e loaʻa ai ke kālā, akā hey, hoʻokahi pilikia i ka manawa, ʻoluʻolu. Recent Metal PricesLME Mediterranean Steel ContractsLME Far East Steel ContractsLME Copper Grade ALME Standard LeadPlatinum Falls as Equity Decline Renews Growth, Noi i ka hopohopo Bloomberg, Nov. 11, 2008 Hiki i nā mea hana kaʻa ke ʻike i ka hoʻomaikaʻi ʻana o ka waiwai i ka emi ʻana o nā kumukūʻai metala New Delhi