Udzu pa Lapel: Biology ndi Zodzikongoletsera

maudindo ndipo ndi ochokera kwa olandira osadziwika. Umo ndi momwe ndinatsala pang'ono kutaya

uthenga wabwino wokhala ndi mutu wakuti: Mitundu Yowononga Tiara. Izi zinali

Zosamvetseka, ndipo sindimamudziwa wotumiza, koma china chake chidandipanga

osagunda batani la "kufufuta", ndipo ndine wokondwa kwambiri

sanatero. Uthengawu udachokera kwa Jan Yager, yemwe adapanga Invasive

Mitundu: An American Mourning Tiara--chidutswa chenicheni cha zodzikongoletsera zopangidwa ndi

golide ndi siliva (chinthu

stories/tiara/index.html). Ndidatchulapo za ntchitoyi muwonetsero I

anapereka pa msonkhano. Jan adawerenga za izi pa intaneti

(

sva/media/1403/large/Proceedings2005.pdf) ndipo adalumikizana nane--mmodzi mwa

ubwino wa kulankhulana pakompyuta, zokwanira kulinganiza ndi

kukhumudwa kwa imelo yopanda pake.

Ndinatchula Tiara ya Yager ngati chitsanzo cha ubale womwe ndikuwona

pakati pa zodzikongoletsera ndi biology. Kuvala zokongoletsera zoimira zomera ndi

Zinyama zimandigunda ngati chiwonetsero cha biophilia. Katswiri wa zamoyo Edward

O. Wilson (1984) amatanthauzira biophilia ngati chikhumbo chobadwa nacho chamunthu kukhala nacho

kukhudzana ndi zamoyo zina. Wilson akufotokoza izi molingana ndi kufunikira kwa

Amathera nthawi m'malo achilengedwe, ozunguliridwa ndi nyama ndi zomera. Ife

yesetsaninso kukhutiritsa chikhumbo chathu cha biophilic podzizungulira tokha

ndi zomera, ziweto, ndi zithunzi za zomera ndi nyama. Mu a

m'mbuyomu ABT nkhani, Ine anafotokoza kuya ndi m'lifupi mwa penchant izi

malinga ndi makanema apa TV ndi zojambulajambula (Flannery, 2001). Inenso ndatero

zolembedwa za ubale pakati pa biophilia ndi zokongoletsera zamkati

(Flannery, 2005). Komabe, zowonetsera zotere sizipezeka mu

nyumba zathu koma pa anthu athu, mu mawonekedwe a zodzikongoletsera. Kuyambira biophilia

zikuwoneka kuti ndi khalidwe lokhudzidwa ndi majini, sizodabwitsa

kuti zokometsera zaumwini ndi zithunzi za zomera ndi zinyama

amapezeka m'zikhalidwe padziko lonse lapansi. Izi ndi zoona panopa komanso mu

m'mbuyomu. Ndikufuna kuyika umboni wa zomwe akunena pano ndikuwonetsanso

mkangano wopangitsa ophunzira kudziwa za biophilia ndi zake

mawonetseredwe ndi njira yowonjezera chidwi chawo ku chilengedwe

ndikuwonetsa momwe biology imalumikizirana ndi magawo ena athu

chikhalidwe.

Zodzikongoletsera Zakale

Ndiyamba ndi zitsanzo za zodzikongoletsera zakale kuchokera ku nambala

zikhalidwe zosiyanasiyana kusonyeza mbiri yakale ya chilengedwe

ziwonetsero muzokongoletsa thupi komanso m'magawo a

mwambo uwu. Ndikupereka kafukufukuyu chifukwa chimodzi mwa mizere ya

umboni wogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi Wilson ndi ena kuchirikiza lingaliro la chibadwa

maziko a makhalidwe a anthu ndi kunena kuti ali paliponse. Mbuzi ya Minoan

pendant kuyambira 1500 BC, mkanda wakale waku Egypt wokhala ndi nkhandwe, ndi a

Chiwombankhanga cha Roma ndi chiwombankhanga ndi nyama yake zonse zikuwonetsera mfundo yanga. Aliyenso

kontinenti imatulutsa zokongoletsera: cholembera cha ku China, njoka ya Aztec

brooch, pendenti ya mbalame ya Baule yochokera ku Ivory Coast, ndi ndolo ndi

enameled mbalame ku medieval Ukraine. Mndandandawu ukhoza kupitirira, koma

ngakhale zitsanzo zochepazi zimapanga mfundo yakuti zodzikongoletsera mu mawonekedwe a

zamoyo, makamaka nyama, zili ponseponse pakati pa zikhalidwe za anthu

nthawi ndi malo.

Ine ndikuti tsopano zero ku Western chikhalidwe chifukwa ichi

komwe tikukhala, malo, chikhalidwe, komanso mbali zambiri,

m’maganizo ndi m’maganizo. Apa mwambo wa zinyama ndi zomera mafano

mu kudzikongoletsa payekha ndi wamphamvu kwambiri. Ndikufuna ndiyambepo

osatchula chitsanzo cha zodzikongoletsera mwachindunji, koma, tsamba la a

Buku la Renaissance la maola. M'malire mwake muli zithunzithunzi za zodzikongoletsera.

kuphatikizapo pendant yamaluwa. Zolemba zina zambiri zomwe zikuwonetsedwa

tanthauzo lachipembedzo. Tsambali likuwonetsa kusuntha koyang'ana

chilengedwe kuti tipeze Mulungu, ndiko kuti, chitukuko cha zamulungu zachilengedwe. Chimenechi

uyenera kukhala ulusi wamphamvu kwambiri ku Britain mu 19th

zaka zana ndipo chinali chofunikira pakukulitsa umboni wa chisinthiko. M’muna

Komanso, monga momwe olemba mbiri ambiri anenera, maganizo achipembedzo anali

zofunika pakukula kwa sayansi yamakono kumapeto kwa Middle Ages, the

Renaissance, ndi kupitirira (White, 1979).

Chopendekera chamaluwa chidayikidwa patsamba lolemba pamanja ili ngati a

chizindikiro chachipembedzo. Maluwa amaimira chiyero ndi kukongola, ndipo mwachiwonekere

apa, kukongola kwa duwa kumawonetsera kukongola kwa namwali wamng'ono

chithunzi patsamba lomwelo. Kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za zomera ndi zinyama muzodzikongoletsera

nthawi zambiri zimakhala zophiphiritsira. Mwachitsanzo, pini ya chiwombankhanga cha ku America ikhoza kutanthauza

kukonda dziko lako. Zitha kutsutsidwa kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zithunzi za organic mu

zodzikongoletsera kwambiri chikhalidwe kuposa biologically zochokera, kuti zithunzi izi

ndizofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe akutanthauza pankhani yachipembedzo,

mafuko, kapena zikhulupiriro zandale. Zingakhale zovuta kunena za biophilic

kufunika kwa pini ya chiwombankhanga cha ku America pa Lachinayi la Julayi kapena la

shamrocks pa lapel ya St. Patrick's Day.

Koma sindikuganiza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zamoyo monga zizindikiro si umboni

motsutsana ndi kufunika kwa biophilia. Zoona kuti nyama ndi

zomera zimagwiritsidwa ntchito mobwerezabwereza monga zizindikiro zimatsutsa, osati

motsutsana, kufunika kwa biophilia. Poyesera kufotokoza mozama-ndikumva

zikhulupiriro ndi zikhumbo, anthu mobwerezabwereza anapita kwa amoyo

dziko kwa zizindikiro. Zingakhale zambiri kuposa kungogwiritsa ntchito zina

mitundu ndi mafananidwe awo m'njira zambiri zosiyanasiyana ndi kuphiphiritsira

zinthu zambiri zosiyana. Zomwe timawoneka omasuka kupanga

zizindikiro zochokera zamoyo mwina zimasonyeza kuti pamene ife tiyang'ana kupeza

njira zofotokozera malingaliro ndi zikhulupiriro, timatembenukira ku zomwe ndizodziwika kwambiri

ife. ku zomwe timamva kuti timakonda kwambiri, zomwe ndi mitundu ina ya moyo.

Chitsanzo china cha m'zaka za m'ma 1600 ndi pendant, a

kuphatikiza zinthu zachilengedwe ndi zopangidwa ndi anthu. ngale yooneka modabwitsa

imapanga thupi la swan, pamene nyama yotsalayo imapangidwa ndi

enamel ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali. Katswiri wazachilengedwe Evelyn Hutchinson (1965) akutero

zokongoletsera zoterezi, zambiri zomwe zidapangidwa m'zaka za zana la 16 ndi 17, ndizo

zitsanzo za kusakaniza zaluso ndi sayansi, zokongoletsera ndi zachilengedwe

mbiri. Kwa iye, amaimira nthawi yomwe kugawanika kusanachitike

luso ndi sayansi, pasanakhale malo osungiramo zojambulajambula ndi malo osungiramo sayansi. Chimenechi

kunali kubwerera pamene panali makabati a curiosities omwe amakhala ndi zinthu

kuchokera kumadera onse awiri, komanso ngati zodzikongoletsera zoterezi, zinthu zomwe zimagwirizanitsa

magawo awiri.

Lingaliro ili la kugwirizana pakati pa zokongoletsera ndi chilengedwe. pakati pa luso

ndi sayansi, pa Renaissance wakhala ankaona pang'ono

njira yosiyana ndi Pamela Smith (2003). Iye akuti amisiri monga

osula golide ndi ceramic anathandizira pa chitukuko chamakono

sayansi popanga zifaniziro zenizeni za zomera ndi zinyama. Ku

kwaniritsani zithunzi zamoyo za nyama zazing'ono monga salamanders, osula golide

anapita mpaka kukatenga nyama zamoyo, kuzichedwetsa mwa kuzimiza

mu mkodzo kapena vinyo wosasa, ndiyeno muwatseke mu pulasitala kuti apange zamoyo

nkhungu. Njira yofananayi idagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi zomera. Njira imeneyi inali

kenako adatengedwa ndi omanga ngati Bernard Palissy yemwe amadziwika kuti ndi wake

mbale zokongoletsedwa ndi njoka, achule, ndi masamba (Amico, 1996). Smith

amatsutsa kuti pokankhira za chilengedwe, amisiri anayenera kuphatikiza ukatswiri

mu ntchito yawo ndi kuyang'anitsitsa chilengedwe, kuphatikizapo kugwira

zitsanzo ndi kulemba mosamala zolemba pa izo. Akuwona ulalo wa mlingo apa

pakati pa "kudziwa" ndi "kuchita," pakati pa chilengedwe

kuyimira ndi kuwonekera kwa chikhalidwe chatsopano chowoneka chomwe chinatsindika

mboni yowona ndi maso ndi zokumana nazo zowona. Izi ndiye zidakhudza

chitukuko cha sayansi yamakono ndi kutsindika kwake pa kuona mwachindunji.

Kotero zikhoza kutsutsidwa kuti kugwirizana pakati pa zodzikongoletsera ndi biology kumapita

kupyola pa nkhani yofunikira pa kafukufuku wa sayansi wokha.

Art Nouveau ndi Beyond

Poyesera kuti ndisatengere mfundo yanga ndi mndandanda wautali wa

zitsanzo, ndidumpha kuchokera m'zaka za zana la 16 mpaka 19. Mapeto a

Zaka za m'ma 1900 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1900 zinawona kutalika kwa Art

Kusuntha kwa Nouveau komwe kunabweretsa zodzikongoletsera zokongola kwambiri

wolemera muzithunzi za zamoyo (Moonan, 1999). Mtundu wa pikoko wa Lalique ndi

chiwonetsero chodabwitsa chophatikiza zenizeni ndi kalembedwe. Nthaŵi

thupi la mbalame kwambiri zachilengedwe pamene nthenga mchira akhala

zopindika mokongola komanso zophweka. Kuyanjana uku kwa zosavuta ndi

zenizeni ndi mbali ya mapangidwe ambiri a chilengedwe, ndipo panali

mabuku onse olembedwa pankhaniyi kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19.

Locket ya nthula ya Lumen Gillard ndi chitsanzo china cha izi

kucheza, pamene Philippe Wolfers a orchid tsitsi chokongoletsera ndi zambiri

zenizeni (Moonan, 2000). Osachepera ndizowona momwe zingakhalire,

poganizira kuti ndi duwa lagolide lokulungidwa ndi diamondi ndi rubi.

Mapangidwe a zodzikongoletsera zoterezi ndi vuto losangalatsa pakugwiritsa ntchito

zipangizo zoyenera. Zikuwoneka zachilendo pakugwiritsa ntchito

mchere wovuta kwambiri kuyimira maluwa osalimba kwambiri. Pa

Kumbali ina, zikuwoneka zoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito miyala yamtengo wapatali kupanga a

chitsanzo cha duwa lamtengo wapatali. Mu brooch ya Paulding Farnham,

wojambula wina wa m’zaka za zana la 20, wopangidwa ndi munthu wamoyo

chinthu chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuimira china: chrysanthemum yopangidwa ndi ngale, ndi

kukoma kwa ngale monga chizindikiro chodabwitsa cha kukoma kwa

amayi petals.

Tsopano ndikufuna kupitirira mpaka pakati pa zaka za m'ma 100 ndikutchula ziwiri zopambanitsa

zidutswa zosonyeza nthawi. Imodzi ndi brooch ya mbalame yongopeka yolembedwa ndi Jean

Schlumberger ndi winayo ndi stylized nautilus chipolopolo brooch ndi

Martin Katz. Izi, monga zidutswa zambiri za nthawi ya Art Nouveau

Ndanena, ndi ma brooches. Izi ndi zina mwa zotsatira za

kusankha, komanso chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa ma organic form

zodzikongoletsera zili m'mapini. Ma brooches amakhala paphewa ndipo amawakonda kwambiri

zowoneka, ndipo popeza mbali iyi ya chovala nthawi zambiri imakhala yowoneka bwino, iwo

onjezerani mphamvu zambiri. Komanso, iwo akhoza kukhala aakulu mokwanira kuti chamoyo

kudziwika: Zingakhale zovuta kuika maluwa a orchid pa mphete. Nthaŵi

kuphulika kwa zidutswa izi ndi chizindikiro cha flamboyance wa

pambuyo pa nkhondo, pamene osachepera m'magulu ena ndalama zinali zambiri ndipo kumeneko

zinali zifukwa zochitira chikondwererocho. Pomwe ndangoganizira zodula

zodzikongoletsera, mitundu yofanana ya mapangidwe amasefedwera mpaka zodzikongoletsera zovala

msika, monga momwe zodzikongoletsera zodzikongoletsera m'misika yantha zikuwonetsa bwino lero. Izi zinali

makamaka zomwe zinachitika pambuyo pa Kuwonongeka Kwakukulu kwa 1929 pamene

omwe kale anali olemera adayesetsa kupitiriza kuyang'ana momwemo ndi kuvala

zidutswa zapamwamba za zodzikongoletsera. Monga Gabriella Mariotti (1996) akunena

kunja, ambiri opambana kwambiri a fakes awa anali oimira

maluwa, kuyambira magalasi pansies mpaka enamel tulips okhala ndi ma rhinestones.

Zodzikongoletsera Masiku Ano

Mpaka pano, pali kugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri zamoyo

zodzikongoletsera. Chimodzi mwazovala masiku ano ndi ma brooches amaluwa ansalu, ndipo kachiwiri,

amasiyana kuchokera ku maluwa opangidwa ndi masitayelo, monga ngati duwa lachiwombankhanga, mpaka silika

maluwa omwe ndi ovuta kusiyanitsa kuchokera ku zenizeni. Palinso

kuyanjana komweko kwa zophweka ndi zenizeni mwachikhalidwe kwambiri

zidutswa. Mkanda wopangidwa ndi wojambula waku New Zealand Ruth Baird wapangidwa

mawonekedwe azitsulo a masamba a chomera, pohutukawa - ndi

kulekana kwa tsamba ndi chomera chake kumakonda kukongoletsa. Pa

Kumbali ina, ntchito ya David Freda ndi yowona kwambiri, komanso yodabwitsa kwambiri

(Gans, 2003). Mkanda wake waku Northern Black Rat Snake sungakhale

Chinthu choyamba ndimangopachika pakhosi panga, koma ndi chidutswa chochititsa chidwi.

Brooch yake ya Pink Lady Slipper Orchid ndi yochititsa chidwi, komabe

woyipa pang'ono kapena wosamvetseka, ndipo zomwezo zitha kunenedwa zake

Tomato Hornworm Caterpillar brooch.

Zidutswa izi zimakumbutsa kuti zolengedwa zonyansa zimawonekera

nthawi zonse zodzikongoletsera: zowonda komanso/kapena zowopsa zomwe zimasinthidwa kukhala

zapamwamba. Izi zitha kukhalanso zokhudzana ndi biophilia. M'buku la Wilson

pankhaniyi, pali mutu wa njoka. Kumeneko akulemba za

umboni wa zomwe zimawoneka ngati mantha obadwa nawo a njoka omwe ali nawo

wophatikizidwa ndi chidwi ndi zolengedwa izi. Zonse mantha ndi chidwi

ndi mitundu ya chidwi kwambiri pa njoka zomwe zikadakhala nazo

kutha kusintha, kuthandiza anthu kuti asalumidwe ndi njoka zaululu. Mwina ndi chidwi ichi chomwe chiri pachimake cha

kukopeka ndi zolengedwa zothamangitsidwa monga kukongoletsa thupi. Tikhoza

mwanjira ina zimasangalatsa kutenga chonyansa ndikuchisintha kukhala

zokongola: zingakhalenso zotonthoza kuzimitsa izi zosalamulirika

zolengedwa muzitsulo zolimba ndi miyala yamtengo wapatali.

Ngakhale ntchito ya David Freda ndi yowona, John Paul

Ntchito ya Miller ndi yokongoletsedwa kwambiri. Chidutswa cha Freda chinayang'ana mwachangu

zingawonekere kukhala chamoyo; palibe cholakwika choterocho chingapangidwe nacho

Zodzikongoletsera za Miller. Apa chitsulo chamtengo wapatali chimavundukulidwa ndi

enamel: golide wonyezimira. Miller ndi katswiri pa

Zopanda msana - kuchokera ku octopi kupita ku ndowe kafadala ndi nkhono (Krupema, 2002):

Apanso, nyama izi sizikanakhala pa mndandanda wa aliyense

ziweto zomwe amakonda, koma ntchito yake ndi yokongola, ndikuwonjezera

kukopa chidwi cha biologically. Ndidzitsekera ndekha

kutchula zidutswa zitatu zoimira. Zonse ndi zopendekera ndipo zonse zili

zodabwitsa: octopus, gulugufe, ndi nkhono. Ambiri adzapeza

gulugufe wokongola m'moyo weniweni, kotero kusintha pano si monga

kwambiri ngati octopus ndi nkhono. Chomalizacho chili ndi enameled

chipolopolo ndi nyamayi ili ndi timikanda tagolide tating'ono ting'onoting'ono. Komabe

wina wodabwitsa kwambiri ndi Vina Rust yemwe amamulimbikitsa

zithunzi za botanical ndi photomicrographs (

pacinilubel.com/exhibits/2006.06_01.html) Wapanga mphete

amafanana ndi mtanda kudzera pa stameni. Alinso ndi Stained Cell

mndandanda wa zidutswa zasiliva zokhala ndi golide. Izi ndi zokwanira kupanga a

katswiri wa zamoyo amakhala wokonda zodzikongoletsera.

Yager

Mwachiwonekere, zodzikongoletsera za Jan Yager zimagwirizana ndi mutu wa

zodzikongoletsera zamakono. Titasinthana maimelo, Jan adanditumizira paketi ya

zambiri za luso lake. Ndimomwe ndinadziwira kuti ali ndi a

ntchito yaikulu yowonetsera zomera. Koma monga Invasive Species

Tiara, zidutswa zake zimayang'ana zamoyo zomwe sizingaganizidwe kuti ndizoyenera

chojambula chagolide ndi siliva. Wapanga dandelion brooch yokongola, yokhala ndi masamba asiliva otuluka kuchokera pamwala wapakati, womwe umatembenuka

kukhala kagalasi kakang'ono kotetezera galimoto Jan adanyamula mumsewu wapafupi

studio yake. Ndiko kumene amapeza malingaliro ambiri—ndipo

zipangizo - za ntchito yake. Zaka zingapo zapitazo, adakomoka

chisankho chofuna kudziwa zambiri za chilengedwe chake. Kuchokera m'misewu ndi

m'misewu mozungulira situdiyo yake, adatolera mbale zong'ambidwa, zotayira ndudu,

ndipo adawononga makola a zipolopolo omwe adayika m'mikanda pamodzi ndi golide

ndi siliva. Mapangidwe a mkandawo adatengera zodzikongoletsera za ku America Indian

monga ulemu kwa amwenye a Lenni Lenape omwe kale amakhala mdera la

Philadelphia komwe Yager ali ndi studio yake (Rosolowski, 2001).

Yager adasonkhanitsanso zomera zomwe zidamera m'ming'alu ya misewu komanso yopanda kanthu

zambiri; ndimomwe adabwera kudzapanga brooch ya dandelion. M’muna

kuonjezera apo, ali ndi tsamba la dandelion lagolide ndi siliva wokhala ndi matayala

zizindikiro - ndizodabwitsa - monganso mkanda wa chicory ndi brooch ya purslane. Poyamba, ankaganiza za mikanda ndi mikanda yawo

mankhwala okhudzana ndi zinthu ndi zomera zodzikongoletsera monga mitundu yosiyana kwambiri

zidutswa. Kenako anazindikira kuti zonse zimakhudza zomera, popeza ndudu

matako amakhala ndi masamba owuma a fodya ndipo zibotolo zong'ambika ndizotengera

cocaine wotengedwa ku masamba a coca. Kotero iye anaphatikiza mitundu iwiri ya zodzikongoletsera

chiwonetsero chotchedwa City Flora/City Flotsam chomwe chinawonetsedwa pa onse awiri

Victoria ndi Albert Museum ku London ndi Museum of Fine Arts ku

Boston. Mu ntchito zonsezi Yager akutipempha kuyang'ana kwambiri, kuti

musataye zinyalala ndi udzu; nawonso ali ndi zinthu zokongola ndi kukankha

funso la zomwe tikuwona kuti ndi zokongola. Kukongola kochuluka bwanji ndi chikhalidwe

kufotokozedwa? Ili ndi funso lomwe lingafunsidwe momwe timayamikirira zomera

popeza "udzu" si gulu lachilengedwe, ndi mtengo

chiweruzo chimene timapanga pa zomera.

Chisamaliro cha Yager mwatsatanetsatane ndi chodabwitsa, kumupanga iye

zidutswa zachilengedwe kwambiri - ngakhale zidapangidwa kwambiri

abiotic ya media. Iye wapezanso maikulosikopu pafupi

poyang'anitsitsa, ndipo wachita kafukufuku pa zomera zomwe amagwiritsa ntchito. Kwa iye

anadabwa, anapeza kuti zomera zomwe zili mbali yake

chilengedwe nthawi zambiri si mitundu yachilengedwe. Mwachidziwikire,

panalibe pamene amwenye a Lenni Lenape ankayenda m'dziko lino

(Brown, 1999). Kuzindikira uku ndiko kudapangitsa Yager kulenga

Mitundu Yowononga Tiara imayenera kuvalidwa ndi mitundu yovuta kwambiri ya

zonse, munthu. Wangomaliza kumene ntchito ya The Tiara of Useful

Chidziwitso, chokongoletsedwa ndi rye, mbatata, ndi clover, pakati pa ena, Apanso,

pali zonena za mbiriyakale mu ntchitoyi. Mutu umachokera ku

Bungwe la American Philosophical Society, lomwe linakhazikitsidwa ku Philadelphia

mu 1743 "Kulimbikitsa Chidziwitso Chothandiza."

Kwa ophunzira amene ali mu kudzikongoletsa payekha, Yager ntchito ndi

chodabwitsa: Ndani angaganize kuti katswiri wa miyala yamtengo wapatali angakhale ndi chidwi ndi biology?

Ngakhale sangafune kuvala tiara (... ndiye kachiwiri, izo ziri

chinachake chosiyana), lingaliro la kugwirizana pakati pa biology ndi zodzikongoletsera ndi

chinthu chomwe mwina sanachiganizirepo. Kulumikizana uku kungathandize

kuti azindikire maulalo ena otere motero amawona biology kukhala yocheperako

otalikirana ndi zina zonse zowachitikira.

Zikumbu ndi Mbalame

Wojambula wina wa zodzikongoletsera zazaka za zana la 20 amatumiza uthenga womwewo

ngati Yager. Jennifer Trask wapanga pendant yaku Japan Beetle, yokhala ndi

Zikumbu zenizeni za ku Japan, zomwe ndi tizirombo tachilendo ku United States

(White, 2003). Akusewera pamutu wokopa / wonyansa, ndi iye

ntchito imatchulanso za 19th century fad ya zamoyo zenizeni monga

chokongoletsera. Mnzake wina wazaka za m'ma 1800 ndi ntchito ya Trask ndi kachilomboka

brooch ndi ndolo set. Mu "Zonyansa za Chikumbu" ndi Mbalame pa

Maboneti: Zongopeka za Zoological mu Late-Nineth-Century Dress, Michelle

Tolini (2002) akulemba za fashoni iyi, yomwe idathamangira kukakhala kafadala zomangirira

maunyolo agolide akukwera pamapewa a azimayi. Wojambula wamasiku ano,

Jared Gold, akupereka mphemvu zamoyo zokongoletsedwa ndi makhiristo

ndi ma tether ofanana (Holden, 2006).

Chimodzi mwa zitsanzo zodabwitsa kwambiri zomwe Tolini amatchula ndi ziwiri

ndolo za hummingbird, zopangidwa kuchokera ku mitu ya mbalame. Izi siziri

chikho changa cha tiyi, koma chimabweretsa zomwe zingawoneke ngati kupotoza kwa

biophilia: Kukopeka ndi zamoyo zina kungayambitse kupha zamoyo

kungowasunga pafupi, monga ndi zikho za mutu wa nswala ndi makapeti a chikopa cha nyalugwe.

Mitundu yambiri yakhala pangozi chifukwa cha chidwi ichi, ndi

Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa nthenga za mbalame m’zaka za zana la 19 ngakhalenso mbalame zamphumphu mu zipewa, monga

imodzi mwazochitika zoopsa kwambiri. Popeza ophunzira ambiri chidwi ndi

zokongoletsera za thupi--zodabwitsa kwambiri zimakhala zabwinoko-mutuwu ukhoza kukhala wochuluka

njira yosangalatsa yokhudza kutha, mitundu yachilendo, ndi

kuteteza chilengedwe kuposa njira yachikale

kukambirana vuto linalake la chilengedwe.

Mutuwu umapangitsanso ophunzira kuganizira za ubale wawo

ku chilengedwe, zamoyo zomwe amakonda kukhala nazo: ziweto zawo, zawo

nyama zodzaza, zikwangwani zawo za zimbalangondo kapena shaki, kapena lamba

manga ndi bronco yoboola kapena ndolo zokhala ndi maluwa olendewerapo

iwo. Uwu ndi mutu wolemera wowoneka bwino m'zaka zomwe zowoneka zili

wapamwamba. Ndi njira yofufuzira ubale pakati pa zaluso

ndi sayansi. Pofuna kuti ophunzira aone kuti sayansi siili

chinachake anasudzulana ndi ena chikhalidwe, koma kwambiri mbali ya

izo, Yager a tiara ndi chitsanzo chodabwitsa.

Chitukuko cha Anthu

Palinso chinthu china chofunika kwambiri pa zodzikongoletsera zimenezi. Paul Shepard

(1996) imagwirizanitsa biology ndi khalidwe laumunthu, koma ndi zosiyana

kutsindika kuchokera kwa Wilson, wopita patsogolo kwambiri. Iye amatsutsa zimenezo

popeza anthu adasanduka m'dziko lolemera ndi zamoyo zina ndipo anali ndi nthawi zonse

kukhudzana ndi zinyama ndi zomera, izi zaumba biology yaumunthu;

chifukwa chake kukhudzana koteroko ndikofunikira kuti munthu akule bwino, onse awiri

thupi ndipo mwinanso zofunika kwambiri, zamaganizo. Mu Chilengedwe ndi

Madness (1982), Shepard akunena kuti kukhudzana ndi chilengedwe ndikofunikira

kwa kukhwima bwino m'maganizo. Iye akudzinenera mwamphamvu kuti

popanda ubale wapamtima ndi zamoyo pa nthawi ya mapangidwe

Zaka zambiri, anthu amafika pauchikulire wakuthupi ali mwana wakhanda

boma, ndipo chifukwa chake samamva kukwaniritsidwa ndikukumana ndi mkwiyo

pa muzu wa ziwawa zambiri.

Shepard ananenanso kuti zithunzi za nyama ndi zothandiza monga zikumbutso

dziko lamoyo, ngakhale sizingalowe m'malo mwa kuwonekera kwa moyo.

Choncho ngakhale zodzikongoletsera zingathandize kuti munthu akhale ndi maganizo abwino. M’muna

Komanso, Shepard amatsutsa kuti zomera zimagwira ntchito mofanana ndi

kumawonjezera kukhwima kwa malingaliro aumunthu. Zomera zimapereka tactile kukhudzana

ndipo amafuna chisamaliro chawo, kuleza mtima, ndi kuyang'anitsitsa, Mwachiwonekere, a

kukumana kwa zomera ndi anthu ndikosiyana ndi kukumana ndi nyama ndi munthu, ndi

izi zimapangitsa kuti mphuno ikhale yofunika chifukwa imalimbikitsa chitukuko

mayankho osiyanasiyana amalingaliro. Mu Chilengedwe Chobiriwira/Chikhalidwe Chaumunthu: Tanthauzo

ya Plants in Our Lives, Charles Lewis (1996) akulemba za njira zambiri

kuti zomera zimakhudza miyoyo yathu, kuchokera ku mtengo wawo wochiritsira

zipatala ku mtengo wawo wosangalatsa m'mapaki ndi kuseri kwa nyumba. Ndiye a

chrysanthemum brooch ikhoza kukhala chitsanzo chabwino cha ulalo uwu, womwe tingathe

yenda nafe mozungulira.

Nditha kupanga zodzinenera zazikulu za ma rhinestones ndi silika

maluwa, koma mfundo yonse ya nkhaniyi ndi kukhala zokopa, kupanga

mumaganiza za gawo wamba la moyo wathu mwanjira ina,

kukuthandizani kuwona kulumikizana pakati pa zomwe timavala ndi momwe timaganizira

chilengedwe, ndipo potsiriza, kusangalala kuchita izo, kuona ulalo ngati

chidwi ndi chidwi. Ngati ndingathe kupanga sayansi zonse, ndiye ndidzakhala nazo

ndinakwaniritsa gawo lina la cholinga changa chofuna kuti sayansi ikhale yochulukirapo

zofunikira kwa ophunzira anga.

Maumboni

Amico, L. (1996). Bernard Palissy: Mu Search o[ Paradaiso Wapadziko Lapansi.

Paris: Flammarion.

Brown, G. (1999). Jan Yager: Kusalidwa m'tawuni. Zokongoletsera, 23(2),

19-22.

Flannery, M.C. (2001). Kukhala ndi zamoyo. American Biology

Mphunzitsi, 63, 67-70.

Flannery, MC. (2005). Jellyfish padenga ndi nswala mu khola:

Biology yokongoletsa mkati. Leonardo, 38(3), 239-244.

Gans, J.C. (2003). Dziko laling'ono, lalikulu la David Freda.

Wosula zitsulo, 23(5), 21-27.

Holden, C. (2006). Brooch wamba. Sayansi, 312, 979.

Hutchinson, G.E. (1965). The Ecological Theatre ndi

Evolutionary Play. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Krupenia, D. (2002). John Paul Miller. Zojambula zaku America, 62 (6),

44-49.

Lewis, C. (1996). Chilengedwe Chobiriwira/Chilengedwe Chaumunthu: Tanthauzo la Zomera

mu Moyo Wathu. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Mariotti, G. (1996). Fabulous fakes. FMR, 83, 117-126.

Mwezi, W. (1999, Ogasiti 13). Ntchentche zonyezimira ngati zodzikongoletsera.

The New York Times, F38.

Mwezi, W. (2000, Novembala 10). Kupambana kwa ma orchids. The New York

Nthawi, F40.

Shepard, P. (1982). Chilengedwe ndi Misala. San Francisco: Sierra Club.

Shepard, P. (1996). Zizindikiro za Omnivore. Washington, DC: Chilumba

Press.

Smith, P. (2003). Thupi la Artisan: Art ndi Experience in

Kusintha kwa Sayansi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Tolini, M. (2002). "Zonyansa za Chikumbu" ndi mbalame pa

bonnets: Zongopeka za zoological mu kavalidwe komaliza kwa zaka za zana la khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi.

Zojambula Zaka Zaka Zaka khumi ndi zisanu ndi zinayi Padziko Lonse, 1 (1). Ikupezeka pa intaneti pa: 19the-artwordwide.org/spring_02/articles/toli.html.

Rosolowski, T. (2001). Kulowererapo kwa amnesia: Jan Yager's

kukongoletsa mnemonic. Wosula zitsulo, 21(1), 16-25.

White, C. (2003). Muyezo wagolide. American Craft, 63 (4), 36-39.

White, Lynn. (1979). Sayansi ndi Kudzikonda: Zakale

maziko akulimbana kwamakono. Mu G. Holton & R. Morison

(Akonzi), Malire a Kafukufuku wa Sayansi, 47-59. New York: Norton.

Wilson, E. O. (1984). Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University

Press.

MAURA C. FLANNERY, DEPARTMENT EDITOR

MAURA C. FLANNERY ndi Pulofesa wa Biology ndi Director of the

Center for Teaching and Learning ku St. John's University, Jamaica,

NY 11439; imelo: flannerm@stjohns.edu. Anapeza B.S. mu biology

kuchokera ku Marymount Manhattan College; ndi M.S., komanso mu biology, kuchokera ku Boston

Koleji; ndi Ph.D. mu maphunziro a sayansi ku New York University. Iye

Zokonda zazikulu ndikupereka sayansi kwa omwe si asayansi komanso mu

mgwirizano pakati pa biology ndi luso.