Ukhula kwiLapel: Ibhayoloji kunye nobucwebe

izihloko kwaye zivela kubamkeli abangaziwayo. Yiloo ndlela ndiphantse ndalahlekelwa ngayo

umyalezo omkhulu onesihloko esithi: Iintlobo ezihlaselayo iTiara. Oku kwaba njalo

ngokuqinisekileyo ayiqhelekanga, kwaye bendingamazi umthumeli, kodwa kukho into eyandenza

ungacofe iqhosha elithi "cima", kwaye ndivuya kakhulu

akazange. Umyalezo wawuvela kuJan Yager, umdali we-Invasive

Iintlobo: I-American Mourning Tiara--iqhekeza lokwenyani lezacholo ezenziwe ngalo

igolide kunye nesilivere ( into

amabali/tiara/index.html). Bendiwukhankanye lo msebenzi kwiprizenteyishini I

wanikela kwinkomfa. UJan ufunde ngayo kwiWebhu

(

sva/media/1403/large/Proceedings2005.pdf) kwaye waqhagamshelana nam--enye ye

iingenelo zonxibelelwano ngombane, ngokwaneleyo ukulinganisela ngaphandle i

ukucaphuka kwe-imeyile engabalulekanga.

Ndicaphule iTiara kaYager njengomzekelo wobudlelwane endibubonayo

phakathi kwezacholo kunye nebhayoloji. Ukunxiba imihombiso emele izityalo kunye

izilwanyana zindibetha njengembonakaliso ye-biophilia. Isazi ngebhayoloji uEdward

O. UWilson (1984) uchaza i-biophilia njengomnqweno ozelwe ngumntu wokuba nayo

ukudibana nezinye iintlobo. UWilson uyichaza ngokunxulumene nesidingo soku

chitha ixesha kwindawo yendalo, ejikelezwe zizilwanyana kunye nezityalo. Thina

sikwazama ukwanelisa umnqweno wethu webhayoloji ngokuzingqongileyo

ngezityalo, izilwanyana zasekhaya, kunye nemifuziselo yezityalo nezilwanyana. Kwi-

ngaphambili inqaku ABT, Ndachaza ubunzulu nobubanzi le penchant

ngokwemiboniso yeTV kunye nemisebenzi yobugcisa (Flannery, 2001). Nam ndiyenzile

ebhaliweyo malunga nobudlelwane phakathi kwe-biophilia kunye nokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi

(Flannery, 2005). Nangona kunjalo, imiboniso enjalo ayifumaneki nje kuphela

kumakhaya ethu kodwa kubantu bethu, ngendlela yobucwebe. Ukususela kwi-biophilia

kubonakala ngathi luphawu olunefuthe kwimfuza, ayimangalisi loo nto

ukuba izihombiso zobuqu kunye nokubonakaliswa kwezityalo kunye nezilwanyana

ezifumaneka kwiinkcubeko kwihlabathi jikelele. Oku kuyinyaniso kokubini ngoku kunye nakwi

elidlulileyo. Ndifuna ukubeka ubungqina beli bango apha kwaye ndibonise

Ingxoxo yokwenza abafundi bazi nge-biophilia kunye nayo

ukubonakaliswa yindlela yokwandisa uvakalelo lwabo kwindalo esingqongileyo

imiba kunye nokubonisa indlela ibhayoloji enxulumana ngayo nezinye iindawo zethu

inkcubeko.

Ubucwebe bexesha elidlulileyo

Ndiza kuqala ngemizekelo yobucwebe bamandulo ukusuka kwinani

yeenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ukubonisa zombini imbali ende yendalo

ukumelwa kwimihombiso yomzimba kunye nobubanzi bejografi

esi siko. Ndibonisa olu phando kuba enye yemigca ye

ubungqina obusetyenziswa nguWilson nabanye ukuxhasa ingcamango yemfuza

Isiseko sokuziphatha kwabantu kukubanga ubuninzi babo. Ibhokhwe yeMinoan

pendant ukusuka kwi-1500 BC, i-necklace yamandulo yaseYiputa kunye neekhetshe, kunye ne-

Ukubambana kwamaRoma ngokhozi kunye nexhoba lalo konke oku kubonisa ingongoma yam. Yonke

Ilizwekazi livelisa izihombiso: ilulwane laseTshayina, inyoka yama-Aztec

ibrooch, intaka yeBaule elengayo evela e-Ivory Coast, kunye namacici ane

iintaka ezine-enameled ezivela eUkraine yamaxesha aphakathi. Olu luhlu lunokuqhubeka kwaye luqhubeke, kodwa

kwanale mizekelo imbalwa yenza ingongoma yokuba izacholo ngendlela

Izinto eziphilayo, ngakumbi izilwanyana, zikho kuyo yonke indawo phakathi kweenkcubeko zabantu

ixesha kunye nendawo.

Ndiza kungena zero kwinkcubeko yaseNtshona kuba le

apho sihlala khona, ngokwejografi, ngokwenkcubeko, kwaye ubukhulu becala,

ngokwengqondo nangokweemvakalelo. Apha isithethe sezilwanyana kunye nemifanekiso yezityalo

kwisihombo somntu womelele ngokukodwa. Ndifuna ukuqala

ungakhankanyi umzekelo wobucwebe ngokuthe ngqo, kodwa kunoko, iphepha elivela kwi-a

Incwadi yeRenaissance yeeyure. Linemifanekiso eqingqiweyo emdeni walo;

kuquka nependant yeentyatyambo. Uninzi lweminye imihlobiso ephothiweyo inalo

ukubaluleka konqulo. Eli phepha libonisa intshukumo ekujongeni

indalo ukufumana uThixo, oko kukuthi, ukukhula kwemfundiso yezakwalizwi yendalo. Le nto

yayiza kuba yintambo eyomeleleyo eBritani nge-19

kwinkulungwane kwaye yayibalulekile ekwandiseni ubungqina bendaleko. Indawo

ukongezelela, njengoko inani lababhali-mbali liye laphawula, ingcamango yonqulo yayinjalo

ibalulekile ekukhuleni kwenzululwazi yanamhlanje ekupheleni kwamaXesha Aphakathi, i

I-Renaissance, nangaphaya (White, 1979).

Ipendant yeentyatyambo ibekwe kweli phepha lombhalo-ngqangi njenge

uphawu lwenkolo. Iintyatyambo zifanekisela ubunyulu kunye nobuhle, kwaye ngokucacileyo

apha, ubuhle bentyatyambo bubonisa ubuhle bentombi enyulu

umfanekiso kwiphepha elifanayo. Ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso yezityalo kunye nezilwanyana kubucwebe

idla ngokuba ngumfuziselo. Umzekelo, i-American eagle pin inokubonisa

ukuthanda izwe. Kungaxoxwa kakuhle ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwemifanekiso ephilayo kwi

izacholo ngaphezu ngokwenkcubeko ngaphezu biologically esekelwe, ukuba le mifanekiso

zibalulekile ngenxa yento eziyithethayo ngokwenkolo,

iinkolelo zobuzwe, okanye zobupolitika. Kuya kuba nzima ukubanga i-biophilic

ukubaluleka kwephini lokhozi lwaseMelika ngolweSine kaJulayi okanye

iishamrocks kwi-lapel yaseSt. Usuku lukaPatrick.

Kodwa andiqondi ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo njengemiqondiso kububungqina

ngokuchasene nokubaluleka kwe-biophilia. Eyona nyaniso yokuba izilwanyana kunye

izityalo zisetyenziswa rhoqo njengoko iisimboli zixoxa, kunokuba

ngokuchasene, ukubaluleka kwe-biophilia. Xa uzama ukuvakalisa iimvakalelo ezinzulu

iinkolelo kunye neminqweno, abantu amaxesha ngamaxesha baye kwabaphilayo

ihlabathi kwiisimboli. Kusenokuba ngaphezulu kokuzenzekelayo ukuba sisebenzise ezinye

iintlobo kunye nokufana kwazo ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufuzisela

izinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Oko sibonakala sikhululekile ngakumbi ukuyila

iisimboli ezisekelwe kwizinto eziphilayo mhlawumbi ibonisa ukuba xa sijonge ukufumana

iindlela zokuvakalisa izimvo kunye neenkolelo, sibhenela kwezona zinto ziqhelekileyo

thina. koko siziva sinamathele kuko, oko kukuthi, ezinye iintlobo zobomi.

Omnye umzekelo ovela kwinkulungwane ye-16 yi-swan pendant, a

indibaniselwano yezinto zendalo kunye nezenziwe ngabantu. Iperile emile ngendlela engaqhelekanga

yenza umzimba wedada, ngelixa esinye isilwanyana sibunjwa

i-enamel kunye neentsimbi. Isazi ngendalo uEvelyn Hutchinson (1965) uthi

izihombiso ezinjalo, abaninzi kubo wadala ngenkulungwane ye-16 neye-17, zi

imizekelo yokudityaniswa kobugcisa nenzululwazi, yokuhombisa kunye nendalo

imbali. Kuye, zimela ixesha elingaphambi kokwahlula phakathi

ubugcisa kunye nesayensi, ngaphambi kokuba kubekho iimyuziyam zobugcisa kunye neemyuziyam zesayensi. Le nto

yayibuyile xa kukho iikhabhathi ze curiosities ezihlala izinto

ukusuka kuzo zombini iindawo, nakwimeko yobucwebe obunjalo, izinto ezidibanisayo

iindawo ezimbini.

Le mvakalelo yokunxibelelana phakathi komhombiso kunye nendalo. phakathi kobugcisa

nenzululwazi, ngexesha Renaissance iye yajongwa kancinane

indlela eyahlukileyo nguPamela Smith (2003). Uthi iingcibi ezifana

iingcibi zegolide neeseramikhi zibe negalelo kuphuhliso lwezi mini

inzululwazi ngokudala umboniso wokwenene wezityalo nezilwanyana. Ukuya

ukufikelela kwimifanekiso efana nobomi bezilwanyana ezincinci ezifana ne-salamanders, abakhandi begolide

wada wathabatha izilwanyana eziphilayo, wacotha ngokuzintywilisela emanzini

kumchamo okanye kwiviniga, uze uzigqume ngodaka ukuze zibe ngathi ziphila

ngundo. Inkqubo efanayo yayisetyenziswe ngezinto zezityalo. Obu buchule bekunjalo

emva koko ithathwe ngama-ceramists afana noBernard Palissy owaziwayo ngeyakhe

iipleyiti ezihonjiswe ngeenyoka, amasele, namagqabi (Amico, 1996). Smith

Iphikisa ngelithi ekunyanzeliseni indalo, amagcisa kwafuneka adibanise ubuchule

kubugcisa babo ngokuqwalasela ngokusondeleyo indalo, kuquka nokuphatha

imizekelo kunye nokwenza amanqaku ngononophelo kuyo. Ubona ikhonkco lethamo apha

phakathi "kokwazi" kunye "nokwenza," phakathi kwendalo

ukumelwa kunye nokuvela kwenkcubeko entsha yokubonwayo eyagxininisa

owazibonela ngawakhe amehlo namava. Ezi ke zaba nefuthe kwi

uphuhliso lwenzululwazi yanamhlanje nogxininiso lwayo ekuqwalaselweni ngokuthe ngqo.

Ngoko kunokuphikiswa ukuba ikhonkco phakathi kobucwebe kunye nebhayoloji iya

ngaphaya komxholo ukuya kundoqo wophando lwenzululwazi ngokwalo.

Art Nouveau kunye naNgaphandle

Kwiinzame zokungayifaki ingongoma yam ngoluhlu olude kakhulu lwe

imizekelo, Ndiya tsiba ukusuka kwinkulungwane ye-16 ukuya kwi-19. Ukuphela kwe

inkulungwane ye-19 kunye nenkulungwane yokuqala ye-20 yabona ukuphakama koBugcisa

Intshukumo ye-Nouveau eze nayo nezacholo ezininzi ezintle

zizityebi kwimifanekiso yezinto eziphilayo (uMoonan, 1999). I-brooch ye-Lalique yepikoko

umelo olumangalisayo oludibanisa ubunyani kunye nesimbo. I-

umzimba wentaka uqhelekile ngokwendalo ngelixa iintsiba zomsila bezinjalo

iguqulwe kakuhle kwaye yenziwe lula. Oku kudibana kokulula nge

eyona nto iyinyani luphawu lwezinto ezininzi eziyilwe kwindalo, kwaye zazikho

zonke iincwadi ezabhalwa ngalo mbandela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19.

Isitshixo sikaLumen Gillard ngomnye umzekelo woku

interplay, lo gama Philippe Wolfers kaThixo iinwele zokuhombisa orchid ngakumbi

ngokwenyani (Moonan, 2000). Ubuncinci buyinyani njengoko bunokuba njalo,

Ucinga ukuba yintyatyambo yegolide ehonjiswe ngedayimani neerubhi.

Uyilo lobucwebe obunjalo yingxaki enomdla ekusebenziseni

izixhobo ezifanelekileyo. Kubonakala ngathi kukho into yangaphandle malunga nokuqeshwa kwe

ezona minerali zinzima ukumela ezona ntyatyambo zibuthathaka. Kwi

kwelinye icala, kubonakala kufanelekile ukusebenzisa amatye anqabileyo ukwenza a

imodeli yentyatyambo exabiseke ngolo hlobo. Kwi-brooch kaPaulding Farnham,

omnye umyili wenkulungwane yama-20, imveliso yomntu ophilayo

into isetyenziselwa ukumela enye: ichrysanthemum eyenziwe ngeeperile, nge

ubumnandi beeperile njengomqondiso omangalisayo wobumnandi be

iipetali zomama.

Ngoku ndifuna ukuqhubela phambili kwinkulungwane yenkulungwane kwaye ndikhankanye ezimbini ezigqithileyo

iziqwenga ezibonisa amaxesha. Enye yintaka efulelwe nguJean

I-Schlumberger kunye nenye yi-stylized nautilus shell brooch nge

UMartin Katz. Ezi, njengamaqhekeza amaninzi kwixesha le-Art Nouveau

Ndikhankanyile, ziibrooches. Oku kuyinxalenye yesiphumo

Ukukhetha, kodwa kungenxa yokuba preponderance yeefom eziphilayo kwi

izacholo zikwizikhonkwane. Iibrooches zihlala egxalabeni kwaye zithandeka

ebonakalayo, kwaye ekubeni le nxalenye yengubo idla ngokucacileyo, bona

yongeza ubumnandi obukhulu. Kwakhona, zinokuba zikhulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze umzimba

iyabonakala: Kunokuba nzima ukufaka iorchid kwiringi. I-

flamboyance ezi ziqwenga lubonisa flamboyance ye

era emva kwemfazwe, xa ubuncinane kwezinye izangqa imali yayininzi kwaye apho

yayizizizathu zokuyibhiyozela. Ngelixa ndiye ndagxila ekuduru

ubucwebe, uhlobo olufanayo loyilo oluhluziweyo ukuya kubucwebe besinxibo

kwimarike, njengoko iivenkile zobucwebe kwiimarike zentakumba zibonisa kakuhle namhlanje. Oku kwaba njalo

ingakumbi kwiminyaka emva kweNtshontsho eNkulu ka-1929 xa

ababekade bezizityebi bazama ukuqhubeka bejonge ngolo hlobo ngokunxiba

iziqwenga zobucwebe bezacholo zesinxibo. Njengoko uGabriella Mariotti (1996) amanqaku

ngaphandle, uninzi lweyona mpumelelo kwezi fakes yayiyimiboniso ye

iintyatyambo, ukusuka kwiglasi phantsies ukuya kwi-enamel tulips egcwele iirhinestones.

Ubucwebe namhlanje

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kuninzi ukusetyenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo

ubucwebe. Enye yefashoni namhlanje yeyeentyatyambo zeentyatyambo, kwaye kwakhona,

zisusela kwiintyatyambo ezenziwe ngesitayile, njengakwintyatyambo eyenziwe yafana ne-polka, ukuya kwisilika

iintyatyambo ekunzima ukuzichaza kwinto yokwenyani. Kukho kwakhona i

unxibelelwano olufanayo olulula kunye nolwenyani kwimveli ethe chatha

amaqhekeza. Intsimbi yomqala eyenziwe ngumzobi waseNew Zealand uRuth Baird yenziwe

imiboniso yesinyithi yamagqabi esityalo somthonyama, i-pohutukawa--nge

Ukwahlulwa kwegqabi kwisityalo salo esithande ukulilungisa. Kwi

kwelinye icala, umsebenzi kaDavid Freda yinyani kakhulu, kwaye iyamangalisa ngokwenene

(Gans, 2003). Umgexo wakhe weNyoka yeNyoka yaseMntla emnyama ayiyi kuba yi

Into yokuqala endiya kuyijinga entanyeni yam, kodwa liqhekeza elinika umdla.

Ibrooch yakhe yePink Lady Slipper Orchid iyamangalisa, nangona kunjalo kwakhona

ukhohlakele kancinci okanye ubuncinci, kwaye kunokuthiwa okufanayo kuye

I-tomato Hornworm Caterpillar brooch.

Ezi ziqwenga zizikhumbuzo zokuba izidalwa ezicekisekayo ziyavela

rhoqo rhoqo kwizacholo: i-slimy kunye/okanye eyingozi eguqulweyo

obutofotofo. Oku kwakhona kunokunxulumana ne-biophilia. Kwincwadi kaWilson

kulo mbandela, kukho isahluko malunga neenyoka. Apho ubhala ngayo

ubungqina bento ebonakala ngathi luloyiko lwenyoka oluzalwa nalo

idityaniswe nokuthabatheka kwezi zidalwa. Zombini uloyiko kunye nomdla

ziintlobo zomdla owongeziweyo kwiinyoka ebezinokuba ne

ukulungelelana, ukunceda abantu baphephe ukulunywa ziinyoka ezinobuhlungu. Mhlawumbi lo ngumtsalane ongundoqo we

umtsalane kwizidalwa ezigxothayo njengokuhombisa umzimba. Singakwazi

ngandlel 'ithile ukufumana umdla ukuthatha elizothe kwaye ukuguqula ibe

intle: inokuba kuyathuthuzela ukukhenkceza ezi zingalawulekiyo

izidalwa kwintsimbi eqinileyo kunye namatye anqabileyo.

Ngoxa umsebenzi kaDavid Freda ungokoqobo kakhulu, uJohn Paul

Umsebenzi kaMiller unesitayile ngakumbi. Iqhekeza likaFreda lajonga ngokukhawuleza

isenokubonakala iyinto ephilayo; akukho mpazamo enjalo iya kwenziwa

Ubucwebe bukaMiller. Apha intsimbi exabisekileyo ityhilwe ngentelekiso

I-enamel: igolide iyabengezela. UMiller ugxile kwi

izilwanyana ezingenamqolo-ukusuka kwi-octopi ukuya kwiinkuba-bulongo kunye neenkumba (Krupema, 2002):

Kwakhona, ezi zilwanyana bezingayi kuba kuluhlu lwakhe nabani na

Izilwanyana ezifuywayo azithandayo, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe ucacile, kunye nokongezwayo

umtsalane wokuba nomdla kwibhayoloji. Ndizozivalela mna

ukukhankanya iziqwenga ezintathu zabameli. Zonke zipende kwaye zonke zikho

emangalisayo: ingwane, ibhabhathane, kunye nenkumba. Abaninzi baya kufumana

ibhabhathane lihle kubomi bokwenyani, ngoko ke uguqulo apha alufani

ngokugqithisileyo njengengwane kunye nenkumba. Le yokugqibela ine-enameled

iqokobhe kunye nengwane inamaso amancinane egolide iintente zayo. Kusenjalo

omnye umenzi wezacholo omangalisayo nguVina Rust ofumana inkuthazo kuye

imizobo yezityalo kunye neefotomicrographs (

pacinilubel.com/exhibits/2006.06_01.html) wenze iringi

ifana necandelo elinqamlezileyo ngestameni. Ukwanayo neStained Cell

uthotho lwamaqhosha esilivere anezihombiso zegolide. Ezi zanele ukwenza a

Isazi ngebhayoloji sibe yinzondelelo yempambano yobucwebe.

Yager

Ngokucacileyo, ubucwebe bukaJan Yager buhambelana phantsi kwesihloko

izacholo zangoku. Emva kokuba sitshintshiselane ngee-imeyile, uJan wandithumelela ipakethi ye

ulwazi malunga nobugcisa bakhe. Ndafunda ngaloo ndlela ke ukuba une

umsebenzi obalulekileyo obonisa izityalo. Kodwa njengeentlobo ze-Invasive

I-Tiara, iziqwenga zakhe zijolise kwiintlobo ezinokuthi zingathathwa njengezifanelekile

yomfanekiso wegolide nesilivere. Wenze ibrooch entle yedandelion, enamagqabi esilivere aphuma kwilitye eliphakathi, elijikayo

phandle ukuba yintwana yeglasi yokhuseleko lwemoto uJan wayichola kwisitalato esikufutshane

studio yakhe. Kulapho afumana khona iimbono ezininzi--kwaye

izixhobo--zomsebenzi wakhe. Kwiminyaka eliqela eyadlulayo, waye waziva

isigqibo sokuqonda ngakumbi okusingqongileyo. Ukususela ezitratweni kunye

ecaleni kwendlela ejikeleze istudiyo sakhe, waqokelela izitya eziqhekezayo, iibhuthi zecuba,

kwaye wachitha iingxowa zeembumbulu awayezifake kwintsimbi yomqala kunye negolide

kunye nesilivere. Uyilo lwe-necklace lwalusekelwe kwizacholo zase-American Indian

njengembeko kumaIndiya aseLenni eLenape awayekhe ahlala kwindawo yase

Philadelphia apho uYager ene studio yakhe (Rosolowski, 2001).

IYager ikwaqokelele izityalo ezikhule kwiintanda zendlela kwaye zingenanto

amaqashiso; nantso indlela eze ngayo ukwenza ibrooch yedandelion. Indawo

ukongezelela, unegqabi ledandelion legolide nesilivere elinokunyathela kwamatayara

amanqaku--iyamangalisa--njengentsimbi yomqala ye-chicory kunye ne-purslane brooch. Ekuqaleni, wayecinga ngeentsimbi zomqala kunye nezazo

izinto ezinxulumene neziyobisi kunye nesityalo ubucwebe njengeentlobo ezahlukeneyo kakhulu

amaqhekeza. Emva koko waqonda ukuba zonke zibandakanya izityalo, ekubeni icuba

iimpundu ziqulathe amagqabi ecuba omisiweyo kwaye iibhotile eziqhekezayo zizinto ezisetyenziswayo

icocaine evela kumagqabi ecoca. Ngoko wazidibanisa zombini iintlobo zobucwebe

umboniso obizwa ngokuba yiCity Flora/City Flotsam eyaboniswa kuzo zombini

Imyuziyam yaseVictoria kunye neAlbert eLondon kunye neMyuziyam yezoBugcisa obuhle

eBoston. Kuyo yonke le misebenzi Yager icela ukuba sijonge ngakumbi, ukuze

musa ukulahla inkunkuma kunye nokhula; nazo zinezakhi ezintle kwaye zityhala

umbuzo wento esiyibona intle. Bungakanani ubuhle ngokwenkcubeko

ichaziwe? Lo ngumbuzo onokubuzwa malunga nendlela esizixabisa ngayo izityalo

kuba "ukhula" ingelodidi lwebhayoloji, lixabiso

umgwebo esiwenzayo ngezityalo.

Ingqwalasela yeYager kwiinkcukacha iyamangalisa, imenza

amaqhekeza endalo kakhulu--nangona adalwe kakhulu

i-abiotic yemidiya. Ude wafumana imakroskopu ngokusondeleyo

uqwalaselo, kwaye wenze uphando ngezityalo azisebenzisayo. Kuye

emangalisiwe, wafumanisa ukuba izityalo eziyinxalenye yakhe kakhulu

imekobume kwiimeko ezininzi ayizizo iintlobo zendalo. Ngalo lonke ixesha,

babengekho xa amaIndiya eLenni Lenape ehamba kulo mhlaba

(Brown, 1999). Yayikukuqonda oku okukhokelele uYager ukwenza i

I-Invasive Species i-Tiara yayifuna ukunxitywa zezona ntlobo zihlaselayo

wonke, umntu. Ugqibezele umsebenzi wakhe kwi-Tiara of Useful

Ulwazi, oluhlotshiswe nge-rye, iitapile, kunye ne-clover, phakathi kwabanye, Kwakhona,

kukho iintsingiselo zembali kulo msebenzi. Isihloko sivela kwi

Umbutho weAmerican Philosophical Society, owasekwa ePhiladelphia

ngo-1743 "Ukukhuthaza Ulwazi Oluluncedo."

Kubafundi abakwizihombiso zobuqu, umsebenzi kaYager u

ukumangala: Ngubani onokucinga ukuba umenzi wamatye anqabileyo anganomdla kwibhayoloji?

Ngelixa besenokungafuni ukunxiba itiara (... ngoko kwakhona, kunjalo

into eyahlukileyo), ingcamango yekhonkco phakathi kwebhayoloji kunye nobucwebe

into ekusenokwenzeka ukuba abazange bayicinge. Olu qhagamshelwano lunokunceda

ukuba baqaphele amanye amakhonkco anjalo kwaye babone ibhayoloji njengencinci

bebodwa kuwo onke amava abo.

Ooqongqothwane neeNtaka

Elinye igcisa lezacholo lenkulungwane yama-20 lithumela umyalezo ofanayo

njengeYager. UJennifer Trask wenze ipendant yaseJapan Beetle, nge

ooqongqothwane bokwenene baseJapan, abangabonakalisi abangaqhelekanga eUnited States

(White, 2003). Udlala kumxholo wokutsala / wokuchasa, kunye naye

umsebenzi kwakhona isalathiso kwinkulungwane ye-19 fad kwizinto eziphilayo yokwenene njengoko

isihombiso. Umlingani wenkulungwane ye-19 kumsebenzi weTrask nguqongqothwane

i-brooch kunye neseti yamacici. Kwi "Beetle Abominations" kunye neeNtaka

Iibhonethi: Ingcamango yeZoological kwiNxibelelo yasemva kweXesha leshumi elinesithoba, uMichelle

UTolini (2002) ubhala ngale fad, ebaleka ukuya kuhlala ooqongqothwane ababotshelelwe

amatyathanga egolide ekhwela emagxeni amanenekazi. Umculi wangoku,

IJared Gold, inika amaphela ahlala efutha ahonjiswe ngeekristale

kunye neetether ezifanayo (Holden, 2006).

Omnye wemizekelo engaqhelekanga uTolini ayicaphulayo yipere

Amacici eentaka zengcungcu, ezenziwe ngeentloko zeentaka. Oku akunjalo

ikomityi yam yeti, kodwa izisa oko kunokubonwa njengento egqwethekileyo

biophilia: Umtsalane kwezinye iintlobo kunokukhokelela ekubulaleni izinto eziphilayo

ukuze nje uzigcine zisondele, njengeendondo zenyama yexhama kunye neeragi zesikhumba sehlosi.

Iintlobo ezininzi ziye zaba semngciphekweni ngenxa yalo mdla, kunye ne

Ukusetyenziswa kweentsiba zeentaka ngenkulungwane ye-19 kunye neentaka ezipheleleyo kwiminqwazi, njenge

enye yeendlela eziyingozi kakhulu. Kuba abafundi abaninzi banomdla

isihombiso somzimba--okukhona simangalisa ngakumbi--esi sihloko sinokuba sisininzi

indlela enomdla kwimiba yokutshabalala, iintlobo zamanye amazwe, kunye

ulondolozo lwendalo esingqongileyo kunendlela eqhelekileyo

ukuxoxa ngengxaki ethile yokusingqongileyo.

Esi sihloko sikwabangela ukuba abafundi bacinge ngobudlelwane babo

kwindalo, zeziphi izinto eziphilayo abathanda ukuba nazo: izilwanyana zabo zasekhaya, zabo

izilwanyana ezixhonyiweyo, iipowusta zazo zeebhere ezimhlophe okanye ookrebe--okanye ibhanti

qhina ngebronco okanye amacici aneeorchids ezijingayo

bona. Esi sisihloko esityebileyo ngokubonakalayo kwixesha apho okubonakalayo kukho

ebalaseleyo. Ikwayindlela yokuphonononga ubudlelwane phakathi kobugcisa

kunye nenzululwazi. Ngelinge lokufumana abafundi babone ukuba inzululwazi ayikho

into oqhawule umtshato yonke inkcubeko, kodwa kakhulu inxalenye

yona, iTiara yeYager ngumzekelo omangalisayo.

Uphuhliso loluntu

Ikho nenye into ebalulekileyo ngobu bucwebe. UPawulos Shepard

(1996) idibanisa ibhayoloji nokuziphatha kwabantu, kodwa ngokwahlukileyo

ugxininiso olusuka kuWilson, oluphuhlisa ngakumbi. Uyayiphikisa loo nto

ekubeni abantu bavela kwihlabathi elityebileyo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo kwaye bahlala behleli

ukudibana nezilwanyana kunye nezityalo, oku kuye kwabumba ibhayoloji yomntu;

ngoko ke uqhagamshelwano olunjalo luyimfuneko kuphuhliso oluqhelekileyo lomntu, zombini

emzimbeni kwaye mhlawumbi kubaluleke ngakumbi, ngokwasengqondweni. KwiNdalo kunye

UMadness (1982), uShepard uthi ukudibana nendalo yinto eyimfuneko

ukuvuthwa okuqhelekileyo kwengqondo. Wenza ibango elinamandla ukuba

ngaphandle kobudlelwane obusondeleyo nezinto eziphilayo ngexesha lokukhula

iminyaka, abantu bafikelela ebudaleni ngokwasemzimbeni kusana olusengqondweni

urhulumente, kwaye ngenxa yoko awuziva uzalisekile kwaye ube nomsindo onjalo

yingcambu yogonyamelo oluninzi.

UShepard ukwathi imifanekiso yezilwanyana iluncedo njengezikhumbuzo

ihlabathi eliphilayo, nangona lingathabatheli indawo yokuvezwa kubomi.

Ngoko kwanezacholo zinokuba negalelo ekwakheni impilo-ntle yengqondo. Indawo

Ukongeza, uShepard uthi izityalo zisebenza ngendlela efanayo

kutyebisa ukukhula kwengqondo yomntu. Izityalo zibonelela ngoqhagamshelwano olubambekayo

kwaye zifuna ukhathalelo lwabo, umonde, kunye noqwalaselo olusondeleyo, Ngokucacileyo, i

ukudibana kwezityalo-umntu kwahlukile kwisilwanyana-umntu, kunye

oku kwenza ukuba yonke i-snore ibaluleke kuba ikhuthaza uphuhliso

iimpendulo zengqondo ezahlukeneyo. Kwindalo eluhlaza/kwiNdalo yoMntu: Intsingiselo

yeZityalo kuBomi Bethu, uCharles Lewis (1996) ubhala ngeendlela ezininzi

ukuba izityalo ziphembelela ubomi bethu, ukusuka kwixabiso labo lonyango kwi

izibhedlele kwixabiso labo lokuzonwabisa kwiipaki kunye nasemva kwezindlu. Ngoko ke a

I-chrysanthemum brooch inokuba ngumzekelo omhle wale khonkco, enye esinokuyenza

jikeleza nathi.

Ndisenokuba ndenza amabango amakhulu eerhinestones kunye nesilika

iintyatyambo, kodwa yonke ingongoma yesi sincoko kukuba inkanuko, ukwenza

ucinga ngenxalenye eqhelekileyo yobomi bethu ngendlela eyahlukileyo,

ukukunceda ubone ikhonkco phakathi kwezinto esizinxibayo kunye nendlela esicinga ngayo

umhlaba wendalo, kwaye ekugqibeleni, ukuzonwabisa ukwenza oko, ukubona eli khonkco njenge

inika umdla kwaye inomdla. Ukuba ndinokwenza isayensi zombini, ndiya kuba nayo

ndifezekise ubuncinci inxalenye yenjongo yam yokwenza isayensi ibe ngaphezulu

ibalulekile kubafundi bam.

Iimbekiselo

Amico, L. (1996). UBernard Palissy: Ukukhangela kwiParadesi yasemhlabeni.

EParis: Flammarion.

UBrown, uG. (1999). UJan Yager: Ukubekwa amabala ezidolophini. Isihombiso, 23(2),

19-22.

Flannery, M.C. (2001). Ukuhlala nezinto eziphilayo. Ibhayoloji yaseMelika

Utitshala, 63, 67-70.

Flannery, MC. (2005). I-Jellyfish eluphahleni kunye nexhama emhadini:

Ibhayoloji yokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi. ULeonardo, 38(3), 239-244.

Gans, J.C. (2003). Ihlabathi elincinci, elikhulu likaDavid Freda.

Umkhandi wesinyithi, 23(5), 21-27.

Holden, C. (2006). Roach brooch. Inzululwazi, 312, 979.

Hutchinson, G.E. (1965). Ithiyetha yezendalo kunye ne

Ukudlala ngendaleko. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Krupenia, D. (2002). UJohn Paul Miller. Imisebenzi yezandla yaseMelika, 62(6),

44-49.

Lewis, C. (1996). Ubume obuHlaza / iNdalo yoMntu: Intsingiselo yeZityalo

kuBomi Bethu. Urbana, IL: IYunivesithi yase-Illinois Press.

Mariotti, G. (1996). Fabulous fakes. FMR, 83, 117-126.

Moonan, W. (1999, Agasti 13). Oohlabamanzi babengezela njengezacholo.

INew York Times, F38.

Moonan, W. (2000, Novemba 10). Uloyiso lweeorchids. INew York

Amaxesha, F40.

Shepard, P. (1982). Ubume kunye nokuphambana. San Francisco: Sierra Club.

Shepard, P. (1996). Umkhondo we-Omnivore. Washington, DC: Isiqithi

Cinezela.

Smith, P. (2003). Umzimba weGcisa: Ubugcisa kunye namava kwi

iNguqulelo yeNzululwazi. Chicago: IYunivesithi yaseChicago Press.

Tolini, M. (2002). "Amasikizi ebhungane" kunye neentaka

iibhonethi: Ingcamango yeZoological kwisinxibo sasekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba.

UbuGcisa benkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba kwihlabathi liphela, 1(1). Ifumaneka kwi-intanethi apha: 19the-artwordwide.org/spring_02/articles/toli.html.

Rosolowski, T. (2001). Ukungenelela kwi-amnesia: Jan Yager's

isihombiso semnemonic. Umkhandi wesinyithi, 21(1), 16-25.

Mhlophe, C. (2003). Umgangatho wegolide. I-American Craft, i-63 (4), i-36-39.

Mhlophe, uLynn. (1979). Isayensi kunye nemvakalelo yobuqu: Ixesha eliphakathi

imvelaphi yongquzulwano lwangoku. Kwi G. Holton & R. Morison

(Abahleli), iMida yoPhando lwezeNzululwazi, i-47-59. ENew York: eNorton.

UWilson, E.O. (1984). I-Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: IYunivesithi yaseHarvard

Cinezela.

MAURA C. FLANNERY, DEPARTMENT EDITOR

MAURA C. UFLANNERY nguNjingalwazi weBiology kunye noMlawuli we

Iziko lokuFundisa nokuFunda eSt. IYunivesithi yaseJohn, eJamaica,

NY 11439; i-imeyile: flannerm@stjohns.edu. Wafumana isidanga seB.S. kwibhayoloji

ukusuka kwiKholeji yaseMarymount Manhattan; I-M.S., nakwibhayoloji, evela eBoston

Ikholeji; kunye nePh.D. kwimfundo yesayensi kwiYunivesithi yaseNew York. Yena

imidla ephambili kukunxibelelanisa isayensi kumntu ongeyonzululwazi kunye no

ubudlelwane phakathi kwebhayoloji kunye nobugcisa.