Ukhula ku-Lapel: I-Biology kanye nobucwebe

izihloko futhi zivela kubamukeli abangaziwa. Ngicishe ngalahlekelwa kanjalo

umlayezo omuhle onesihloko esithi: Invasive Species Tiara. Lokhu kwaba

nakanjani, futhi bengingamazi umthumeli, kodwa kukhona okwangenza

ungachofozi inkinobho ethi "susa", futhi ngijabule kakhulu

akazange. Umlayezo ubuvela ku-Jan Yager, umdali we-Invasive

Izinhlobo: I-American Mourning Tiara--ucezu lwangempela lobucwebe olwenziwa ngabo

igolide nesiliva (into

izindaba/i-tiara/index.html). Ngangikhulume ngalo msebenzi ekwethulweni I

wanikeza engqungqutheleni. U-Jan ufunde ngakho kuwebhu

(

sva/media/1403/large/Proceedings2005.pdf) futhi wangithinta--enye

izinzuzo zokuxhumana ngogesi, okwanele ukulinganisela out the

ukucasuka kwe-imeyili engafuneki.

Ngicaphune i-Tiara ka-Yager njengesibonelo sobudlelwano engibubonayo

phakathi kobucwebe kanye nebhayoloji. Ukugqoka imihlobiso emele izitshalo kanye

izilwane zingishaya njengokubonakaliswa kwe-biophilia. Isazi sezinto eziphilayo u-Edward

O. UWilson (1984) uchaza i-biophilia njengesifiso somuntu esizalwa nayo

ukuxhumana nezinye izinhlobo. UWilson uyichaza maqondana nesidingo soku

sebenzisa isikhathi endaweni yemvelo, ezungezwe izilwane nezitshalo. Thina

futhi sizame ukwanelisa isifiso sethu se-biophilic ngokuzizungezile

nezitshalo, izilwane ezifuywayo, kanye nezithombe zezitshalo nezilwane. Ku-an

Isihloko sangaphambili se-ABT, ngichaze ukujula nobubanzi bale penchant

ngokwemibukiso ye-TV nemisebenzi yobuciko (Flannery, 2001). Nami ngikwenzile

ebhalwe ngobudlelwano phakathi kwe-biophilia nokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi

(Flannery, 2005). Nokho, izethulo ezinjalo azitholakali kuphela ku

amakhaya ethu kodwa kubantu bethu, ngendlela yobucwebe. Kusukela biophilia

kubonakala kuyisici esithonywe ufuzo, akumangazi

ukuthi imihlobiso yomuntu siqu enezithombe zezitshalo nezilwane

ezitholakala emasikweni emhlabeni wonke. Lokhu kuyiqiniso kokubili manje nasesikhathini

okwedlule. Ngifuna ukubeka ubufakazi balesi simangalo lapha futhi futhi ngikwethule

impikiswano eyenza abafundi bazi nge-biophilia kanye nayo

ukubonakaliswa kuyindlela yokukhulisa ukuzwela kwabo kwezemvelo

kanye nokukhombisa ukuthi i-biology ihlobana kanjani nezinye izingxenye zethu

isiko.

Ubucwebe Besikhathi Esidlule

Ngizoqala ngezinye izibonelo ubucwebe basendulo kusukela inombolo

zamasiko ahlukene ukukhombisa kokubili umlando omude wemvelo

ukumelwa emihlobiso yomzimba kanye nobubanzi bendawo

lesi siko. Ngethula le nhlolovo ngoba omunye wemigqa ye

ubufakazi obusetshenziswa uWilson nabanye ukuze basekele umbono wofuzo

isisekelo sokuziphatha kwabantu siwukubanga indawo yabo yonke. Imbuzi yeMinoan

elengayo kusukela ngo-1500 BC, umgexo wasendulo waseGibhithe onoklebe, kanye

Ukubambana kwamaRoma ngokhozi kanye nempango yalo konke kubonisa iphuzu lami. Njalo

izwekazi likhiqiza imihlobiso: ilulwane laseShayina elilengayo, inyoka yama-Aztec

i-brooch, inyoni ye-Baule elengayo evela e-Ivory Coast, namacici ane

izinyoni enameled kusukela enkathini ephakathi Ukraine. Lolu hlu lungaqhubeka luqhubeke, kodwa

ngisho nalezi zibonelo ezimbalwa zenza iphuzu lokuthi ubucwebe ngesimo

izinto eziphilayo, ikakhulukazi izilwane, itholakala yonke indawo phakathi kwamasiko abantu phezu

isikhathi nendawo.

Sengizongena manje kusikompilo lwaseNtshonalanga ngoba nakhu

lapho sihlala khona, ngokwendawo, ngokwamasiko, futhi ingxenye enkulu,

ngokwengqondo nangokomzwelo. Lapha isiko izithombe zezilwane nezitshalo

ekuhlobeni komuntu siqu kunamandla ikakhulukazi. Ngifuna ukuqala

singakhulumi ngesibonelo sobucwebe ngokuqondile, kodwa kunalokho, ikhasi elivela ku-a

Incwadi ye-Renaissance yamahora. Inemifanekiso yobucwebe emngceleni wayo,

kuhlanganise nependant yembali. Eminye imihlobiso eminingi esesithombeni inawo

ukubaluleka kwenkolo. Leli khasi libonisa ukunyakaza okubheke ekubukeni

imvelo ukuthola uNkulunkulu, okungukuthi, ukuthuthukiswa kwemfundiso yenkolo yemvelo. Lokhu

yayizoba intambo eqinile eBrithani ngo-19

ekhulwini leminyaka futhi lalibalulekile ekwandiseni ubufakazi bokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Ku-

ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izazi-mlando eziningi ziye zaphawula, umbono ongokwenkolo wawunjalo

okubalulekile ekukhuleni kwesayensi yesimanje ngasekupheleni kweNkathi Ephakathi, the

I-Renaissance, nangale kwalokho (White, 1979).

I-pendant yembali yafakwa kuleli khasi lombhalo wesandla njenge

uphawu lwenkolo. Izimbali zifanekisela ubumsulwa nobuhle, futhi kusobala

lapha, ubuhle bembali bubukisa ubuhle bentombi nto

isithombe ekhasini elifanayo. Ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe zezitshalo nezilwane kubucwebe

ngokuvamile ingokomfanekiso. Isibonelo, iphinikhodi yokhozi yaseMelika ingasho

ukuthanda izwe. Kungase kuphikiswe ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezithombe eziphilayo ku

ubucwebe kungokwesiko kuka biologically esekelwe, ukuthi lezi zithombe

zibalulekile ngenxa yalokho ezikushoyo ngokwenkolo,

izinkolelo zobuzwe, noma zezombangazwe. Kungaba nzima ukuthola i-biophilic

ukubaluleka kwephinikhodi yokhozi lwaseMelika ngomhla wesine kuJulayi noma we

ama-shamrocks ku-lapel ye-St. Patrick's Day.

Kodwa angicabangi ukuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo njengezimpawu kuwubufakazi

ngokumelene nokubaluleka kwe-biophilia. Iqiniso lokuthi izilwane kanye

izitshalo zisetshenziswa njalo njengoba izimpawu ziphikisana, kunokuba

ngokumelene, ukubaluleka kwe-biophilia. Lapho uzama ukuveza imizwa ejulile

izinkolelo kanye nezifiso, abantu isikhathi eside baya kwabaphilayo

umhlaba ngezimpawu. Kungase kube ngaphezu kwengozi ukuthi sisebenzise ezinye

izinhlobo nokufana kwazo ngezindlela eziningi ezahlukene kanye nokufanekisa

izinto eziningi kangaka ezahlukene. Ukuthi sibonakala sikhululekile ikakhulukazi ukudala

izimpawu ezisekelwe eziphilayo mhlawumbe kubonisa ukuthi lapho sibheka ukuthola

izindlela zokuveza imibono nezinkolelo, siphendukela kulokho okujwayeleke kakhulu

thina. kulokho esizizwa sinamathele kukho kakhulu, okungukuthi ezinye izinhlobo zokuphila.

Esinye isibonelo sekhulu le-16 yi-swan pendant, a

inhlanganisela yezinto zemvelo kanye nezenziwe abantu. Iparele elimise ngendlela eyinqaba

yakha umzimba wedada, kuyilapho sonke isilwane sakhiwe

ubucwebe kanye namatshe ayigugu. Isazi semvelo u-Evelyn Hutchinson (1965) siyakuphawula lokho

imihlobiso enjalo, eziningi zazo ezadalwa ngekhulu le-16 nele-17, ziyi

izibonelo zokuxutshwa kobuciko nesayensi, zokuhlobisa nezemvelo

umlando. Kuye, zimelela isikhathi ngaphambi kokuba kube nokwehlukana phakathi

ubuciko nesayensi, ngaphambi kokuba kube khona iminyuziyamu yobuciko kanye neminyuziyamu yesayensi. Lokhu

kwase kubuyile lapho kunamakhabethe ezinto ezithokozisayo ezihlala izinto

kusuka kuzo zombili izindawo, futhi endabeni yobucwebe obunjalo, izinto ezihlanganayo

izindawo ezimbili.

Lo mqondo wokuhlobana phakathi komhlobiso nemvelo. phakathi kobuciko

kanye nesayensi, ngesikhathi seRenaissance ibukwe kancane

indlela ehlukile kaPamela Smith (2003). Uphikisa ukuthi izingcweti ezifana

abakhandi begolide nabasebenza nge-ceramic baba nesandla ekuthuthukisweni kwesimanje

isayensi ngokwakha izethulo ezingokoqobo zezitshalo nezilwane. Kuya

finyelela izithombe ezinjengokuphila zezilwane ezincane ezifana ne-salamanders, abakhandi begolide

waze wathatha izilwane eziphilayo, wanciphisa ijubane ngokuzicwilisa emanzini

emchameni noma kuviniga, bese uwafaka kusimende ukuze enze okufana nempilo

isikhunta. Inqubo efanayo yasetshenziswa ngezinto zezitshalo. Le nqubo kwaba

wabe esethathwa ngabakhemisi abafana noBernard Palissy owayaziwa ngezakhe

izitsha ezihlotshiswe ngezinyoka, amaxoxo, namaqabunga (Amico, 1996). Smith

uphikisa ngokuthi ekuqhubekiseleni phambili imvelo, ama-artisan kwadingeka ahlanganise ubuchwepheshe

emsebenzini wabo ngokubhekisisa imvelo, okuhlanganisa nokuphatha

izibonelo nokwenza amanothi ngokucophelela kuzo. Ubona isixhumanisi sethamo lapha

phakathi "kokwazi" kanye "nokwenza," phakathi kwemvelo

ukumelwa kanye nokuvela kwesiko elisha elibonakalayo eligcizelele

ufakazi wokuzibonela kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho mathupha. Lezi zibe nomthelela ku

ukuthuthukiswa kwesayensi yesimanje ngokugcizelela kwayo ekubhekisisweni okuqondile.

Ngakho-ke kungaphikiswana ngokuthi ukuxhumana phakathi kobucwebe kanye nebhayoloji kuyahamba

ngale kwesihloko kuya kumnyombo wophenyo lwesayensi uqobo.

I-Art Nouveau ne-Beyond

Ngomzamo wokungagxili iphuzu lami ngohlu olude kakhulu lwe

izibonelo, ngizogxuma ngisuka ekhulwini le-16 ngiye kwele-19. Ukuphela kwe

Ikhulu le-19 nasekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 labona ukuphakama kwe-Art

Ukunyakaza kwe-Nouveau okulethe ubucwebe obuhle kakhulu

ucebile ngezithombe zezinto eziphilayo (Moonan, 1999). I-Lalique peacock brooch

ukumelwa okumangalisayo okuhlanganisa ubuqiniso kanye nesitayela. I-

Umzimba wenyoni ungokwemvelo kuyilapho izimpaphe zomsila zinjalo

ihlanganiswe kahle futhi yenziwe lula. Lokhu kuhlangana kokulula ne

okungokoqobo kuyisici semiklamo eminingi evela emvelweni, futhi yayikhona

zonke izincwadi ezilotshwe ngale ndaba ekupheleni kwekhulu le-19.

Ilokhethi kaLumen Gillard yethistle ingesinye isibonelo salokhu

ukudlala, kuyilapho umhlobiso wezinwele we-orchid kaPhilippe Wolfers ungaphezulu

okungokoqobo (Moonan, 2000). Okungenani kuyiqiniso ngendlela engaba yikho,

uma ucabangela ukuthi iyimbali yegolide embozwe ngamadayimane namarubi.

Ukuklama ubucwebe obunjalo kuyinkinga ethakazelisayo ekusetshenzisweni kwe

izinto ezifanele. Kubonakala sengathi kukhona okungajwayelekile mayelana nokuqasha i-

amaminerali anzima kakhulu ukumela izimbali ezintekenteke kakhulu. Use

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kubonakala kufanelekile ukusebenzisa amatshe ayigugu ukuze udale

imodeli yembali eyigugu kangaka. Encwadini kaPaulding Farnham,

omunye umklami wekhulu lama-20, umkhiqizo womuntu oyedwa ophilayo

into isetshenziselwa ukumela enye: i-chrysanthemum eyenziwe ngamaparele, nge

ubumnandi bamaparele njengesibonakaliso esimangalisayo sobumnandi be

ama petals umama.

Manje ngifuna ukudlulela phakathi nekhulunyaka futhi ngibale ezimbili eziwubukhazikhazi

izingcezu ezibonisa izikhathi. Enye i-brooch yenyoni ethandekayo kaJean

I-Schlumberger kanye nenye iyi-nautilus shell brooch eyenziwe isitayela kakhulu

UMartin Katz. Lezi, njengezingcezu eziningi zenkathi ye-Art Nouveau

Ngishilo, ama-brooches. Lokhu ngokwengxenye kuwumphumela we

Ukukhetha, kodwa futhi kungenxa yokuthi preponderance of organic amafomu ku

ubucwebe busezikhonkwaneni. Ama-brooches ahlala ehlombe futhi athandeka kakhulu

ebonakalayo, futhi njengoba le ngxenye yengubo ngokuvamile ilula, bona

engeza ubuhlakani obukhulu. Futhi, zingaba zikhulu ngokwanele ukuze umzimba

iyabonakala: Kungaba nzima ukufaka i-orchid eringini. I-

ukuvutha kwalezi zingcezu kubonisa ukugqama kwe

inkathi yangemva kwempi, lapho okungenani kweminye imibuthano imali yayichichima futhi lapho

kwakuyizizathu zokuwugubha. Nakuba ngigxile eqolo

ubucwebe, izinhlobo ezifanayo zemiklamo ehlungiwe phansi kubucwebe bemvunulo

emakethe, njengoba izitolo zobucwebe ezimakethe zezeze zibonisa kahle namuhla. Lokhu kwaba

ikakhulukazi okwenzeka eminyakeni eyalandela Ukuphahlazeka Okukhulu kwango-1929 lapho

ababecebile bazama ukuqhubeka nokubukeka kanjalo ngokugqoka

izingcezu eziyinkimbinkimbi zobucwebe bemvunulo. Njengoba uGabriella Mariotti (1996) ekhomba

out, eziningi eziphumelele kakhulu zalezi mbumbulu zaziyizethulo ze

izimbali, kusukela ku-glass floores kuya kuma-tulips koqweqwe lwawo agcwele ama-rhinestones.

Ubucwebe Namuhla

Kuze kube manje, kusekuningi ukusetshenziswa kwezinto eziphilayo

ubucwebe. Enye yemfashini namuhla eyendwangu yama-brooches ezimbali, futhi futhi,

ziyahlukahluka kusukela ekwenziwe isitayela, njengasembalini ejwayelekile yamachashazi e-polka, kuya kusilika

izimbali okunzima ukuzihlukanisa kusukela entweni yangempela. Kukhona futhi

ukusebenzisana okufanayo kokulula kanye namaqiniso ngokwesiko kakhulu

izingcezu. Umgexo womdwebi waseNew Zealand u-Ruth Baird wakhiwe

imidwebo yensimbi yamaqabunga esitshalo somdabu, i-pohutukawa--nge

ukwehlukana kweqabunga nesitshalo salo esivame ukulilungisa. Use

ngakolunye uhlangothi, umsebenzi kaDavid Freda ungokoqobo kakhulu, futhi uyamangalisa ngempela

(Gans, 2003). Umgexo wakhe we-Northern Black Rat Snake ubungeke ube

into yokuqala engingayilenga entanyeni yami, kodwa isiqephu esithakazelisayo.

I-Pink Lady Slipper Orchid brooch yakhe iyamangalisa, nakuba futhi

kubi kancane noma okungenani kuyinqaba, futhi kungashiwo okufanayo ngeyakhe

Utamatisi Hornworm Caterpillar brooch.

Lezi zingcezu ziyizikhumbuzo zokuthi kuvele izidalwa ezinyanyekayo

njalo njalo kubucwebe: ubucwebe obuncane kanye/noma obuyingozi buguquke baba

the zikanokusho. Lokhu futhi kungase kuhlobane ne-biophilia. Encwadini kaWilson

ngale ndaba, kunesahluko esikhuluma ngezinyoka. Lapho ebhala ngakho

ubufakazi balokho okubonakala kuwukwesaba izinyoka okungokwemvelo

kuhambisana nokuthakasela lezi zidalwa. Kokubili ukwesaba nokuthakasela

ziyizinhlobo zokuthakasela kakhulu izinyoka ebezingaba nazo

ukusiza abantu ukuba bagweme ukulunywa izinyoka ezinobuthi. Mhlawumbe yilokhu okuthakaselayo okuwumgogodla we-

ukukhangwa izidalwa esikhundleni sokuxosha njengoba umhlobiso umzimba. Singakwazi

ngandlela-thile ukuthole kuthakazelisa ukuthatha okunengekayo futhi uguqule kube

amahle: kungase futhi kududuze ukumisa lezi ezingalawuleki

izidalwa zensimbi eqinile namatshe ayigugu.

Nakuba umsebenzi kaDavid Freda ungokoqobo kakhulu, uJohn Paul

Umsebenzi kaMiller ubhalwe ngesitayela. Ucezu lukaFreda lwathi nhla ngokushesha

kungase kubonakale kuyinto ephilayo; alikho iphutha elinjalo elingenziwa

Ubucwebe bukaMiller. Lapha insimbi eyigugu yembulwa ngokuqhathaniswa nayo

koqweqwe lwawo: igolide liyabenyezela. UMiller ungumbungazi ovelele

izilwane ezingenamgogodla--kusuka ku-octopi kuya ezinkubabulongweni kanye neminenke (Krupema, 2002):

Futhi, lezi zilwane bekungeke ngempela kube ohlwini lwanoma ubani

izilwane ezifuywayo azithandayo, kodwa umsebenzi wakhe muhle nje, kanye nokwengeziwe

ukukhangwa kokuthakazelisa ngokwebhayoloji. Ngizozivalela

ukubalula izingxenye ezintathu ezimele. Zonke zingama-pendants futhi zonke zikhona

okumangalisayo: ingwane, uvemvane, nomnenke. Abaningi bazoyithola

uvemvane muhle empilweni yangempela, ngakho uguquko lapha alufani

i-octopus kanye nomnenke. Eyakamuva ine-enameled

igobolondo kanye nengwane inobuhlalu obuncane begolide bamatende ayo. Noma kunjalo

omunye ubucwebe obumangalisayo nguVina Rust othola ugqozi kuye

imidwebo yezitshalo nama-photomicrographs (

pacinilubel.com/exhibits/2006.06_01.html) Udale indandatho

ifana nesiphambano nge-stamen. Ubuye abe neStained Cell

uchungechunge lwezinhlamvu zesiliva ezinemihlobiso yegolide. Lezi zanele ukwenza a

isazi sezinto eziphilayo sibe umshisekeli wobucwebe.

Yager

Ngokusobala, ubucwebe bukaJan Yager buhambisana nesihloko esithi

ubucwebe besimanje. Ngemuva kokuthi sishintshisane ngama-imeyili, u-Jan wangithumelela iphakethe le

ulwazi ngobuciko bakhe. Ngafunda kanjalo ukuthi une

umsebenzi obalulekile obonisa izitshalo. Kodwa njenge-Invasive Species

Tiara, izingcezu zakhe zigxile ezinhlotsheni ezingase zingabhekwa njengezifanelekile

yomfanekiso ngegolide nesiliva. Wenze i-dandelion brooch enhle, enamaqabunga esiliva avela etsheni eliphakathi nendawo, eliphendukayo

ngiphume ngibe ingilazi yokuphepha kwezimoto u-Jan ayicoshe emgwaqeni oseduze

istudiyo sakhe. Yilapho ethola khona imibono eminingi--futhi

izinto zokwakha --zomsebenzi wakhe. Eminyakeni embalwa edlule, waphaphama

isinqumo sokuqaphela kangcono imvelo yakhe. Kusukela emigwaqweni kanye

emigwaqweni ezungeze isitudiyo sakhe, waqoqa izitsha, izinqamu zikagwayi,

futhi wachitha amakesi ezinhlamvu ayewafaka emigexoni kanye negolide

kanye nesiliva. Imiklamo yomgexo yayisekelwe kubucwebe baseMelika baseMelika

njengokuhlonipha amaNdiya aseLenni Lenape ake ahlala endaweni yase

Philadelphia lapho uYager enestudiyo sakhe (Rosolowski, 2001).

I-Yager iphinde yaqoqa izitshalo ezikhule emifantwini yomgwaqo futhi ezingenalutho

inkatho; Wafika kanjalo ukuze adale i-dandelion brooch. Ku-

ngaphezu kwalokho, uneqabunga ledandelion legolide nesiliva elinethaya lamasondo

amamaki--ayamangalisa--njengomgexo we-chicory kanye ne-purslane brooch. Ekuqaleni, wayeke wacabanga ngemigexo enabo

izakhi ezihlobene nezidakamizwa kanye ubucwebe isitshalo njengoba izinhlobo ezahlukene kakhulu

izingcezu. Wabe eseqaphela ukuthi zonke zihlanganisa izitshalo, kusukela ugwayi

izinqe ziqukethe amaqabunga kagwayi omisiwe futhi izitsha zokuqhekeka ziyizinto zokungena

i-cocaine etholakala emaqabunga e-coca. Ngakho wabhangqa zombili izinhlobo zobucwebe

umbukiso obizwa ngeCity Flora/City Flotsam owakhonjiswa kuzo zombili lezi zindawo

IVictoria kanye ne-Albert Museum eLondon kanye neMnyuziyamu Yezobuciko Ezinhle

EBoston. Kuyo yonke le misebenzi i-Yager icela ukuthi sibhekisise, ukuze

ungachithi imfucumfucu nokhula; nazo zinezakhi ezinhle futhi ziyaphusha

umbuzo walokho esikubona kukuhle. Bungakanani ubuhle ngokwesiko

kuchaziwe? Lo ngumbuzo ongabuzwa ukuthi sizazisa kanjani izitshalo

njengoba elithi "ukhula" lingesona isigaba sebhayoloji, liyinani

ukwahlulela esikwenzayo ngezitshalo.

Ukunaka kuka-Yager emininingwaneni kuyamangaza, okumenza

izingcezu zemvelo kakhulu--yize zidalwe kakhulu

i-abiotic yemidiya. Useze wathola isibonakhulu eduze

ukuqaphela, futhi wenze ucwaningo ngezitshalo azisebenzisayo. Kuye

ngokumangala, wathola ukuthi izitshalo eziyingxenye enkulu yakhe

imvelo ezimweni eziningi akuzona izinhlobo zomdabu. Ngokunokwenzeka,

babengekho ngesikhathi amaNdiya akwaLenni Lenape ehamba kulo mhlaba

(Brown, 1999). Yilokhu kuqaphela okuholele u-Yager ukuthi enze i-

I-Invasive Species Tiara beyihloselwe ukugqokwa yizinhlobo ezihlasela kakhulu

wonke, umuntu. Usanda kuqeda umsebenzi ku-Tiara of Useful

Ulwazi, oluhlotshiswe nge-rye, amazambane, ne-clover, phakathi kokunye, Futhi,

kunezinkomba zomlando kulo msebenzi. Isihloko sivela ku-

Umthethosisekelo we-American Philosophical Society, eyasungulwa ePhiladelphia

ngo-1743 "Yokuthuthukisa Ulwazi Oluwusizo."

Kubafundi abathanda ukuzihlobisa, umsebenzi we-Yager ungu

ukumangala: Ubani ongacabanga ukuthi umcwebi angaba nentshisekelo kubhayoloji?

Nakuba bengase bangafuni ukugqoka i-tiara (... ke futhi, kuba

okuthile okuhlukile), umqondo wokuhlobana phakathi kwesayensi yezinto eziphilayo nobucwebe

into okungenzeka ukuthi abakaze bayicabange. Lokhu kuxhumana kungasiza

ukuze baqaphele ezinye izixhumanisi ezinjalo futhi ngaleyo ndlela babone isayensi yezinto eziphilayo njengencane

behlukanisiwe nakho konke okuhlangenwe nakho kwabo.

Amabhungane Nezinyoni

Omunye umculi wobucwebe wekhulu lama-20 uthumela umyalezo ofanayo

njenge Yager. U-Jennifer Trask udale ipendant yaseJapan Beetle, nge

amabhungane angempela aseJapane, ayizinambuzane ezingavamile e-United States

(White, 2003). Udlala ngetimu ekhangayo/yokwenqaba, kanye naye

umsebenzi ubuye ubhekisele emfashinini yekhulu le-19 yezinto eziphilayo zangempela njenge

umhlobiso. Umlingani wekhulu le-19 emsebenzini kaTrask yibhungane

i-brooch kanye nesethi yamacici. Ku-"Beetle Abominations" kanye nezinyoni

Amabhonethi: I-Zoological Fantasy in Late-Nineth-Century Dress, u-Michelle

UTolini (2002) ubhala ngale mfashini, egijimela ukuphila ngamabhungane eboshelwe

amaketanga egolide agibela emahlombe abesifazane. Umculi wanamuhla,

I-Jared Gold, inikela ngamaphela ahubayo ahlotshiswe ngamakristalu

kanye nezinsimbi ezifanayo (Holden, 2006).

Esinye sezibonelo ezixakile u-Tolini azicaphuna yipheya

amacici ezinyoni ze-hummingbird, enziwe ngamakhanda ezinyoni. Lokhu akunjalo

inkomishi yami yetiye, kodwa iveza lokho okungase kubonakale njengokuhlanekezela

i-biophilia: Ukukhangwa kwezinye izinhlobo zezilwane kungaholela ekubulaleni izinto eziphilayo

ukuze nje uzigcine ziseduze, njengangezindebe zekhanda lezinyamazane kanye nezindwangu zesikhumba sengwe.

Izinhlobo eziningi ziye zaba sengozini ngenxa yalesi sithakazelo, ne

Ukusetshenziswa kwekhulu le-19 kwezimpaphe zezinyoni ngisho nezinyoni eziphelele ezigqokweni, njenge

enye yezindlela eziyingozi kakhulu. Njengoba abafundi abaningi bethakasela

umhlobiso womzimba--okumangalisa kakhulu kungcono--lesi sihloko singaba ngaphezulu

indlela ethokozisayo ezindabeni zokushabalala, izinhlobo zezilwane zangaphandle, kanye

ukongiwa kwemvelo kunendlela evamile

ukuxoxa ngenkinga ethile yendawo ezungezile.

Lesi sihloko senza nabafundi bacabange ngobudlelwano babo

emvelweni, yiziphi izinto eziphilayo abathanda ukuba nazo nxazonke: izilwane ezifuywayo, zabo

izilwane ezigxishiwe, amaphosta azo amabhere amhlophe noma oshaka--noma ibhande

bopha nge-bronco egoqekayo noma amacici anama-orchid alenga kuwo

bona. Lesi yisihloko esicebile ngokubonakalayo esikhathini lapho okubonakalayo kuyikhona

evelele. Futhi kuyindlela yokuhlola ubudlelwano phakathi kobuciko

kanye nesayensi. Emzamweni wokwenza abafundi babone ukuthi isayensi ayikho

okuthile ohlukanisile nalo lonke isiko, kodwa kakhulu ingxenye

it, u-Yager's tiara uyisibonelo esihle kakhulu.

Ukuthuthukiswa Kwabantu

Kukhona okunye okubalulekile ngalobu bucwebe. Paul Shepard

(1996) ihlanganisa isayensi yezinto eziphilayo nokuziphatha kwabantu, kodwa ngokuhlukile

ukugcizelelwa okuvela kulokho kukaWilson, okuthuthuka kakhulu. Uyakuphikisa lokho

njengoba abantu bavela emhlabeni ocebile kwezinye izinto eziphilayo futhi waba njalo

ukuthintana nezilwane nezitshalo, lokhu kuye kwalolonga ibhayoloji yomuntu;

ngakho-ke ukuxhumana okunjalo kuyadingeka ekukhuleni komuntu okuvamile, kokubili

ngokomzimba futhi mhlawumbe okubaluleke nakakhulu, ngokwengqondo. Emvelweni kanye

Uhlanya (1982), uShepard uthi ukuxhumana nemvelo kuyisidingo

ukuvuthwa okujwayelekile kwengqondo. Wenza isimangalo esiqinile sokuthi

ngaphandle kobudlelwane obuseduze nezinto eziphilayo ngesikhathi sokwakheka

iminyaka, abantu bafinyelela ebudaleni obungokomzimba ekukhuleni komntwana ngokwengqondo

isimo, futhi ngenxa yalokho ungazizwa ugcwalisekile futhi uhlangabezana nentukuthelo okungukuthi

kumsuka wobudlova obuningi.

U-Shepard uphinde athi izithombe zezilwane ziwusizo njengezikhumbuzo ze

izwe eliphilayo, nakuba lingeyona indawo yokuchayeka ekuphileni.

Ngakho ngisho nobucwebe bungaba neqhaza ekwakheni inhlalakahle engokwengqondo. Ku-

Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Shepard uphikisa ukuthi izitshalo zisebenza ngendlela efanayo

enothisa ukuvuthwa komqondo womuntu. Izitshalo zinikeza ukuxhumana okuthintekayo

futhi zidinga ukunakekelwa kwabo, isineke, kanye observation eduze, Ngokusobala, the

ukuhlangana kwezitshalo nomuntu kuhlukile ekuhlanganeni kwesilwane nomuntu, futhi

lokhu kwenza konke ukuhona kubaluleke ngoba kukhuthaza intuthuko

izimpendulo zengqondo ezahlukene. Ngokwemvelo Eluhlaza/Imvelo Yomuntu: Incazelo

wePlats in Our Lives, uCharles Lewis (1996) ubhala ngezindlela eziningi

ukuthi izitshalo zithonya izimpilo zethu, kusukela kumanani azo okwelapha ku

izibhedlela ngokwenani lazo lokuzijabulisa emapaki nasemagcekeni angemuva. Ngakho a

I-chrysanthemum brooch ingaba yisibonelo esihle salesi sixhumanisi, esisodwa esingakwazi

hamba nathi.

Kungenzeka ukuthi ngenza izimangalo ezinkulu zama-rhinestones nosilika

izimbali, kodwa lonke iphuzu lalesi sihloko ukuba inkanuko, ukwenza

ucabanga ngengxenye evamile yokuphila kwethu ngendlela ehlukile,

ukukusiza ubone isixhumanisi phakathi kwalokho esikugqokayo nendlela esicabanga ngayo

umhlaba wemvelo, futhi ekugcineni, ukuzijabulisa ukukwenza, ukubona lesi sixhumanisi njenge

ethokozisayo nenelukuluku. Uma ngikwazi ukwenza isayensi kokubili, ngizoba nayo

ngifeze okungenani ingxenye yomgomo wami wokwenza isayensi ibe ngaphezulu

okubalulekile kubafundi bami.

Izithenjwa

Amico, L. (1996). Bernard Palissy: In Search o[ IPharadesi Lasemhlabeni.

EParis: Flammarion.

Brown, G. (1999). U-Jan Yager: Ukucwaswa kwasemadolobheni. Umhlobiso, 23(2),

19-22.

Flannery, M.C. (2001). Ukuhlala nezinto eziphilayo. I-American Biology

Uthisha, 63, 67-70.

Flannery, MC. (2005). I-Jellyfish ophahleni kanye nezinyamazane emphandwini:

I-biology yokuhlobisa kwangaphakathi. ULeonardo, 38(3), 239-244.

Gans, J.C. (2003). Izwe elincane, elikhulu likaDavid Freda.

Umkhandi wensimbi, 23(5), 21-27.

Holden, C. (2006). I-brooch ye-roach. Isayensi, 312, 979.

Hutchinson, G.E. (1965). I-Ecological Theatre kanye ne-

I-Evolutionary Play. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

Krupenia, D. (2002). UJohn Paul Miller. I-American Crafts, 62(6),

44-49.

Lewis, C. (1996). Imvelo Eluhlaza/Imvelo Yomuntu: Incazelo Yezitshalo

Ezimpilweni Zethu. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.

Mariotti, G. (1996). Fabulous fakes. FMR, 83, 117-126.

Moonan, W. (1999, Agasti 13). Ojekamanzi becwebezela njengobucwebe.

I-New York Times, F38.

Moonan, W. (2000, Novemba 10). Ukunqoba kwama-orchid. ENew York

Izikhathi, F40.

Shepard, P. (1982). Imvelo kanye Nobuhlanya. I-San Francisco: I-Sierra Club.

Shepard, P. (1996). Imikhondo ye-Omnivore. Washington, DC: Isiqhingi

Cindezela.

Smith, P. (2003). Umzimba Wengcweti: Ubuciko Nesipiliyoni ku

iNguquko Yezesayensi. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Tolini, M. (2002). "Beetle Abominations" nezinyoni on

amabhonethi: Iphupho le-Zoological ngengubo yasekupheleni kwekhulu leshumi nesishiyagalolunye.

Ubuciko Bekhulu Leshumi Nesishiyagalolunye Emhlabeni Wonke, 1(1). Itholakala ku-inthanethi ku-: 19the-artwordwide.org/spring_02/articles/toli.html.

Rosolowski, T. (2001). Ukungenelela ku-amnesia: Jan Yager's

ukuhloba ngemnemonic. Umkhandi wensimbi, 21(1), 16-25.

White, C. (2003). Izinga legolide. I-American Craft, 63(4), 36-39.

White, Lynn. (1979). Isayensi kanye nomuzwa wokuzithanda: Inkathi ephakathi

isizinda sokungqubuzana kwesimanje. Ku-G. Holton & R. UMorison

(Abahleli), Imikhawulo Yophenyo Lwesayensi, 47-59. ENew York: Norton.

Wilson, E.O. (1984). I-Biophilia. Cambridge, MA: Inyuvesi yaseHarvard

Cindezela.

MAURA C. FLANNERY, DEPARTMENT EDITOR

MAURA C. UFLANNERY unguSolwazi weBiology kanye noMqondisi we

Isikhungo Sokufundisa Nokufunda eSt. John's University, Jamaica,

I-NY 11439; i-imeyili: flannerm@stjohns.edu. Uthole i-B.S. kubhayoloji

kusuka eMarymount Manhattan College; i-M.S., nayo ku-biology, evela eBoston

Ikolishi; kanye ne-Ph.D. emfundweni yesayensi evela eNyuvesi yaseNew York. Yena

izithakazelo ezinkulu zisekukhulumeni nesayensi kumuntu ongeyena usosayensi kanye naku

ubudlelwano phakathi kwebhayoloji nobuciko.